The purpose of this study was to investigate the uptake and cytotoxic effects of magnetic poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-coated iron oxide nanoparticles as a carrier of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and X-ray on the level of proliferation capacity of DU145 prostate carcinoma cell line in monolayer culture. Following monolayer culture, DU 145 cells were treated with different concentrations of 5-FU or 5-FU loaded nanoparticles for 24 h and 2Gy X-ray (6 Mega-voltage (MV)). The rate of nanoparticles penetration was then measured using atomic adsorption spectroscopy (AAS). The cytotoxicity effect of these nanoparticles with/ without X-ray radiation was evaluated using colony formation assay. Spectroscopy results showed that iron content and therefore the cellular uptake of 5-FU loaded nanoparticles increased with increasing nanoparticle concentrations. Further, the proliferation capacity of the cells decreased with the increase of 5-FU and 5- FU loaded nanoparticle concentrations in combination with X-ray radiation. However the extent of reduction in colony number following treatment with 5-FU-loaded nanoparticles in combination with 2Gy of megavoltage X-ray radiation was significantly more than for free 5-FU. Thus, drug-loaded nanoparticles could deliver 5-FU more efficiently into the cells. PLGA coated iron oxide nanoparticles are therefore effective drug delivery vehicles for 5-FU. PLGA coated iron oxide nanoparticles are biocompatible and this coating is an appropriate surface that can penetrate into the cells.
The application of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in nanophotothermolysis as a great photosensitizer is expanding, and this subject is a challenging area for cancer therapy. Recent technological advances in nanoscale manufacturing and synthesis promise the development of highly beneficial and innovative methods for the targeting of cancer. However, there is an obstacle to conducting effective laser-based nanosurgery because AuNPs are activated by visible or near infrared wavelengths, and the penetration of a laser beam inside the body is limited by some absorbents, such as melanin, water, and blood molecules. Considering everything stated above, we have suggested the application of a folate-conjugated AuNP as an effective agent for targeted nanophotothermolysis and the application of an optical fiber to transport the laser light from the source to the target tissue inside the body. Thus, a new method of nanosurgery in which a surgeon is able to perform surgery at the cellular or even at the subcellular level may be possible.
Geotourism is defined as tourism that involves protection of geographical features, environment, culture, aesthetic and heritage of the places that are visited and bring prosperity to its citizens. the importance of geomorphosites in tourism sustainable development, different researches have been done around the world in recent decades Khorramabad county is located in Lorestan province in the southwestern Iran. It has a high potential to attract domestic and foreign tourists owing to its geographical location, climate, topography and geological specific conditions. In this paper, 39 sites were also studied using field observations and available information, and then 8 sites were chosen and ranked using Rocha model (2014), fieldwork and experts' viewpoint and researches of this study. Finally, assessment of 8 geomorphosites was done using a suitable model for the study area. According to the assessment of 8 geomorphosites, Makhmalkooh was selected with high score and Salt mines have earned the lowest score. Also, the results showed that most of the selected geomorphosites have good infrastructure and are approximately near to the urban settlement.
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