Background: Tremendous difficulties are imposed on families with preterm and premature babies, both at birth and during their lifetime. The present study aimed at evaluating the potential economic impact of preterm and premature birth in Iran. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study (2014-2015), we studied preterm and premature newborns, who have been subjected to hospitalization in Ali-Asghar hospital. We followed social perspective to estimate the economic consequences of preterm and premature birth in 3 categories of direct medical, direct non-medical, and indirect costs. Required data were collected from documents in the NICU, and studying medical records, and interviewing their parents. Data were analyzed by Microsoft Excel. Results: Direct medical, direct non-medical and indirect affairs were 84%, 6%, and 10% of the total cost, respectively. The estimated social costs were 373, 529, 189; 508, 774, 181; and 529, 481, 996 US dollars (according to their corresponding incidence of 5.8%, 7.9%, and 9.9%). We also found that 75% of the direct medical costs of initial hospitalization were due to intensive care beds. Conclusion: The economic burden of preterm and premature birth in Iran is considerable and to decrease the costs, it is necessary to implement preventive programs for preterm and premature newborns and to provide management care and support for families dealing with this problem.
Background: Job involvement is a work-related attitude which helps to increase the effectiveness of the organization. On the other hand, individuals corresponding to a specific personality type behave in a certain way and have certain expectations, objectives and needs. Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the level of nurses' job involvement and its association with their personality traits in teaching hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in 2013. Materials and Methods:This was an applied, cross-sectional and analytical-descriptive study. A sample of 110 nurses was determined using a multi-stage sampling method including cluster sampling, stratified sampling proportional to size, and simple random sampling methods. The required data were collected using two questionnaires that measured nurses' job involvement and their personality traits. Collected data were analyzed using the SPSS16.0 software on the basis of statistical tests including Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS), ANOVA, independent-samples t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression (Stepwise method). A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results:The results showed that the studied nurses' personality traits and job involvement were moderate. Moreover, the results of the multiple linear regression indicated that the studied nurses' job involvement had significant and positive associations only with achievement orientation (P < 0.001) and being formal and official nurses (P = 0.034). Conclusions: According to the results of the present study and to increase employees' job involvement, hospital administrators should establish an equitable employee performance system and provide appropriate rewards and incentives, adequate career advancement and job promotion opportunities, opportunities for making mistakes and learning from those mistakes for employees and providing a greater job security for contract employees.Keywords: Employee Performance Appraisal; Personality; Nurses; Hospitals, Teaching Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education: Nurses' job involvement had significant associations with some personality traits and employment status. This finding could prove useful in selecting the right personal for a specific medical or surgical department and also for the employers to elaborate an equitable employee performance system and provide appropriate rewards and incentives, and also adequate career advancement opportunities.
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