Pathogenic contamination has been considered as a significant worldwide water quality concern. Due to providing promising opportunities for the production of nanocomposite membranes with tailored porosity, adjustable pore size, and scaled-up ability of biomolecules incorporation, electrospinning has become the center of attention. This review intends to provide a detailed summary of the recent advances in the fabrication of antibacterial and antiviral electrospun nanofibers and discuss their application efficiency as a water filtration membrane. The current review attempts to give a functionalist perspective of the fundamental progress in construction strategies of antibacterial and antiviral electrospun nanofibers. The review provides a list of antibacterial and antiviral agents commonly used as water membrane filters and discusses the challenges in the incorporation process. We have thoroughly studied the recent application of functionalized electrospun nanofibers in the water disinfection process, with an emphasis on their efficiency. Moreover, different antibacterial and antiviral assay techniques for membranes are discussed, the gaps and limitations are highlighted and promising strategies to overcome barriers are studies.

Climate change has made many alterations to the Earth's climate, including hydro-climatic extreme events. For investigating the effect of climate change on hydro-meteorological droughts in the Kamal-Saleh dam basin in Markazi province, Iran, a new and comprehensive index was developed for accurate estimation of drought in a more realistic condition, for future climate conditions. This aggregate drought index (ADI) represents the main characteristics of meteorological and hydrological drought. Temperature and precipitation projections for future climates were simulated by five CMIP5 models and downscaled over the study area for the periods of 2050s (2040-2069) and 2080s (2070-2099) relative to the baseline period . By fitting five univariate distribution functions on drought severity and duration, proper marginal distributions were selected. The joint distribution of drought severity and duration was chosen from five types of copula functions. The results revealed that severe droughts are expected to occur frequently in a shorter period in the future.

Climate change has made many alterations to the Earth's climate, including hydro-climatic extreme events. For investigating the effect of climate change on hydro-meteorological droughts in the Kamal-Saleh dam basin in Markazi province, Iran, a new and comprehensive index was developed for accurate estimation of drought in a more realistic condition, for future climate conditions. This aggregate drought index (ADI) represents the main characteristics of meteorological and hydrological drought. Temperature and precipitation projections for future climates were simulated by five CMIP5 models and downscaled over the study area for the periods of 2050s (2040-2069) and 2080s (2070-2099) relative to the baseline period (1976-2005). By fitting five univariate distribution functions on drought severity and duration, proper marginal distributions were selected. The joint distribution of drought severity and duration was chosen from five types of copula functions. The results revealed that severe droughts are expected to occur frequently in a shorter period in the future.