Background:Helicobacter pylori is curved Gram negative and microaerophilic bacilli that have infected half of the world’s population. It is recognized as the causative agent of duodenal ulcer, gastritis peptic ulcer, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma and is associated with gastric adenocarcinoma. Resistance to clarithromycin is related to point mutations in 23SrRNA gene on nt 2143 and 2144, when A turns to G, and A2143G is the most important type. These mutations lead to reduced affinity of antibiotics to their ribosomal target and are considered as the main cause of treatment failure.Objectives:The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of A2143G point mutation in 23SrRNA of H. pylori strains isolated from gastric biopsies of patients in Rasht, north of Iran, by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).Patients and Methods:A descriptive study was performed on 89 H. pylori strains, which were isolated from gastric biopsies of patients with gastric disorders such as gastritis, peptic ulcer, duodenal ulcer, non-ulcer dyspepsia and gastric adenocarcinoma. Isolated strains were tested for clarithromycin resistance using as breakpoint a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ≥ 1 mg/L by the E-test. The presence of H. pylori DNA was confirmed by amplifying the ureC (glmM) gene by PCR. Also, point mutation on 23SrRNA gene (A2142G and A2143G) was detected by PCR-RFLP using MboII and BsaI restriction endonucleases in all extracted DNA.Results:Of the 89 H. pylori isolates, eighty-four were susceptible to clarithromycin, while five (5.6%) were resistant. All DNA samples of resistant strains, which were treated with BsaI had A2143G mutation. There was no point mutation in the sensitive strains of H. pylori. Also, we detected no mutation on nt A2142G of resistant strains.Conclusions:In the present study, the frequency of clarithromycin resistance was lower than the other studies conducted in Iran. Resistance frequency in samples isolated from gastric ulcer was higher than other gastric disorders. Women and patients aged more than 60 years old showed the most resistance frequency in this study. All resistant strains had the A2143G genotype.
Internet of things is a new technology that connects billions of smart devices through the Internet. This important technology is heavily affecting different aspects of human life and plays an important role in variety of domains. The number of smart devices connecting to IoT and the amount of data gathered or produced by these devices are increasing. This large volume of data requires a lot of effort for processing and analysis. In order to organize, secure and balance the load in IoT, the novel and creative ideas for IoT design and management are required. Software Defined Networking is a new and promising paradigm and its main idea is to decouple the control and management operations from physical devices and setting them inside a logically centralized control layer. Due to its unique capabilities, SDN can be a good choice for managing dynamic and complicated networks such as IoT. In this paper, a distributed approach is proposed for accelerating data management and balancing the load between IoT devices. The proposed framework makes it possible to apply different kinds of management, security and load balancing strategies using a distributed control plane. Experimental results indicate that our scheme exhibits a reduction in the average turnaround time and the average waiting time and it will improve the processing performance. The proposed approach will also distribute tasks between devices, so that there will be no under-loaded device when a part of network is under the processing pressure.
-The history of green architecture is basically the history of mankind. Green building, or sustainable design, is the practice of increasing the efficiency with which buildings and their sites use energy, water, and materials, and of reducing impacts on human health and the environment for the entire lifecycle of a building. Green-building concepts extend beyond the walls of buildings and include site planning, community and land-use planning issues as well. The growth and development of our communities has a large impact on our natural environment. The manufacturing, design, construction and operation of the buildings in which we live and work are responsible for the consumption of many of our natural resources. To design, construct, operate and maintain buildings energy, water and new materials are utilized as well as amounts of waste causing negative effects to health and environment is generated. In order to limit these effects and design environmentally sound and resource efficient buildings; "green building systems" must be introduced, clarified, understood and practiced. Due to the apparent shape and materials used to build homes in the Middle East, this paper attempts to provide a new and different design with similar but environmentally friendly materials. Due to the use of traditional materials in the construction of the buildings in Middle East and also the lack of use of environmentally friendly materials and lack of energy management in countries such as Iran-Iraq-Syria and … The article's innovation is in three parts, which is fully discussed in the introduction section: 1) Simultaneous use of the Sustainable material and energy management system mentioned in the paper in a design 2) The author's effort to design a comfortable space for work, which is called the second house 3) Use of environmentally friendly materials and clean energy and using the (BEMS) energy management system to reduce energy dissipation and comparing the energy consumption of this model with the similar traditional models.
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