BACKGROUNDPleomorphic Adenomas are the most common benign neoplasms of the salivary glands and are a diverse group of lesions. Most common site being major salivary glands, of which parotid gland constitutes 64% -80%. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) of palpable salivary lesions is accepted as a useful preoperative diagnostic tool worldwide. Cytomorphological and histological diversity encountered in pleomorphic adenomas causes enormous diagnostic difficulty. Objective-The present study was done to evaluate the cytomorphological features of pleomorphic adenomas with an emphasis on differential diagnoses, challenges encountered during the diagnosis and addressing potential pitfalls. MATERIALS AND METHODSThis descriptive study was undertaken at the Upgraded Department of Pathology, Osmania General Hospital over a period of one (1) year and nine (9) months, that is from January 2016 to September 2017. Our study included 64 cases of pleomorphic adenoma diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology. Rapid Haematoxylin and eosin and Papanicolaou stains were used. Cytological smears were reviewed for nature of aspirate, patterns of epithelial component, type of mesenchymal matrix and degenerative changes like metaplastic and cystic changes. Radiological and histopathological correlation was available in all the cases. RESULTSA total number of 116 salivary gland lesions were aspirated, of which Pleomorphic adenomas were 64 (55.1%), chronic sialadenitis were 18 (15.5%), retention cysts were 12 (10.3%), sialadenosis were 8 (08-6.8%) and 3 cases of (03-2.5%) benign neoplasms-out of which two cases were Warthin's tumour and one case of monomorphic adenoma. Malignant lesions were 11 cases (9.4%). CONCLUSIONFNAC, though an accurate procedure for diagnosing pleomorphic adenoma, mostly poses diagnostic challenges because of the remarkable degree of cytomorphological diversity, for which pleomorphic adenoma earns a special distinction. Awareness of these variations is needed by the cytopathologist to avoid diagnostic errors.
BACKGROUND Melanocytic proliferations are commonly known as pigmented lesions and they are usually benign (90%), also called as Moles or Nevi. Malignant proliferations melanomas account for about 10%. Histopathological interpretation of these lesions is useful to differentiate non-neoplastic pigmented lesions from neoplastic pigmented lesions. Non-neoplastic pigmented lesions include seborrheic keratosis and pigmented actinic keratosis. Neoplastic pigmented lesions include pigmented basal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma. Malignant transformations can be prevented by early removal of premalignant lesions. Aim-To study all the pigmented lesions, both melanocytic and non-melanocytic, with respect to their clinical features and histopathological findings. MATERIALS AND METHODSA retrospective case series study was conducted at Osmania General Hospital, Hyderabad, over a period of 1 year (Jan. 2017 -Dec. 2017) on all clinically pigmented lesions that were biopsied or excised. All lesions were analysed with respect to their important clinical and histological features. IHC was carried out using HMB-45 and S-100 where indicated. RESULTSA total of 31 cases were studied. The mean age for benign pigmented lesions was 25 years and male-to-female ratio of 1.2: 1. Mean age for melanomas was 60 years with female preponderance. Majority of the lesions were located on head and neck region. In this study, the commonest benign pigmented lesion was melanocytic nevi and pigmented basal cell carcinoma and melanoma among malignant lesions.
BACKGROUNDThe incidence of haematological diseases is quite alarming in Indian population. The commonest presenting symptom in most of these conditions is anaemia. Apart from peripheral blood examination bone marrow analysis plays a crucial role in diagnosis, confirmation of the diagnosis and in follow-up of treatment. Many a times bone marrow examination forms the key to diagnose a non-haematological condition also. Aims and Objectives-The present study was carried out to identify the frequency of various causes leading to bone marrow evaluation of a patient in our setup. The data was analysed and the bone marrow aspiration findings were interpreted. MATERIALS AND METHODSThis is a retrospective descriptive study carried out at the Upgraded Department of Pathology, Osmania General Hospital, a tertiary care centre for a period of two years from July 2015 to June 2017. Bone marrow aspiration along with biopsies wherever required for suspected haematological disorders were carried out on 220 cases during the study period. Leishman stained slides were retrieved and examined. RESULTSPancytopenia was the most common indication for bone marrow aspiration. Out of 220 cases of bone marrow aspiration, megaloblastic anaemia was seen in 75 cases (34.1%), dual deficiency anaemia in 47 cases (21.4%) and erythroid hyperplasia in 23 cases (10.4%). 15 cases (6.8%) were diagnosed as acute leukaemia. There were 14 cases (6.4%) of ITP, 8 cases (3.6%) of ITP with megaloblastic anaemia, 12 cases (5.4%) of hypoplastic marrow and 12 cases (5.4%) of microcytic anaemia. Bone marrow was normal in 6 cases (2.7%). Reactive plasmacytosis was seen in 4 cases (1.8%) and one case of multiple myeloma was reported. Bone marrow metastasis and storage disorder involving marrow were seen in 2 cases (0.9%) and 1 case (0.45%) respectively. CONCLUSIONBone marrow examination plays a vital role in arriving at a confirmatory diagnosis in many of the benign and malignant haematological disorders. Nutritional anaemias, haematological malignancies and immune thrombocytopenias can be readily diagnosed by bone marrow aspiration alone, whereas hypoplastic anaemias require further workup.
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