Sago starch is a relatively new polymeric material for development of a hydrophilic membrane for dehydration of alcohol/water. In this study sago based membranes were developed through casting technique for the dehydration of ethyl acetate at azeotropic conditions via pervaporation. Sago was blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to produce blended sago-PVA membranes with improved physical and chemical properties. The membranes were cross-linked using three different approaches; firstly, using glutaraldehyde, secondly using thermal treatment (80°C) and thirdly by using both glutaraldehyde and thermal treatment. The effects of various cross-linking methods on the intrinsic properties of hydrophilic polymer membrane were investigated. The membranes were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effect of operating conditions such as feed temperature and concentration on the separation factor and flux was discussed. Sago starch polymer shows very high performance and very good stability after polymer blending and cross-linking, which is promising for use in industrial applications. ª 2015 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
The non-biodegradability of plastic packaging has led to a renewed interest in packaging materials based on biopolymers. The biopolymer used in this study which is sago starch is versatile and abundantly available in nature. In the present study, sago starch (SS)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films were plasticized with glycerol (GLY) and reinforced with nanoclay bentonite (BEN) at 1 wt.%, 3 wt.% and 5 wt.% using solution casting method. The films prepared were characterized for their physic-chemical properties using conventional methods. Findings have shown that 5 wt.% BEN reinforced thermoplastic sago starch (TSS) showed highest weight loss in degradation test, greatest improvement in tensile strength and the lowest water absorption in swelling test. The introduction of BEN in the TSS showed changes in the intensification of O-H bond and Si-O bond. Furthermore, inclusion of BEN had reduced the vacant spots of SS/PVA/GLY matrices. Hence, the introduction of BEN in TSS composite had improved the film’s properties. This study suggests that SS/PVA/GLY/BEN film has the potential for packaging application to lessen the dependence on non-degradable plastic packaging.
Blend chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite membranes were developed by mixing PVA and chitosan solutions at appropriate ratios. Pervaporation separation of the membrane was tested for methanol and MTBE mixture at different feed concentrations and temperature. The pervaporation performances were studied and evaluated and compared to the composite chitosan membrane. Flux increased with the increasing concentration of methanol in the feed. Separation factor was highest for the 20 wt% chitosan-containing blend membrane. The blend membrane containing 20-40 wt% of chitosan at feed temperature of 50⁰ C exhibited permeation flux in between 52.28 g/m 2 .hr to 66.92 g/m 2 .hr with the separation factor of 53.22 to 81.00.
Rice husk was utilized into biochar by pyrolysis and used as adsorbent for ammonium removal. Rice husk biochar (RHB) was produced at temperature of 350°C, 400°C, 450°C, 500°C, and 550°C. Characteristics of biochar were analyzed by moisture content, ash content, pH Zero Charge and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. As the temperature for the pyrolysis increases, the moisture content of RHB decreases while the ash content of RHB increases. From the pH zero charge analysis, the value obtained from analysis is pH 7. The FTIR spectra showed the organic part of RHB with different functional groups such as alkene, alcohol, phenol, ether, ester etc. Based on the result of the characterization test, RHB500 was chosen as the best biochar for the adsorption of ammonium. The equilibrium contact time was 180 minutes and the optimum adsorbent dosage was 0.1g and the optimum concentration of ammonium was 1.2 ppm. For the adsorption-desorption of ammonium, RHB can run up to 5 cycles for biochar regeneration. Adsorption kinetic, pseudo-second-order model is more preferable than pseudo-first-order model because R2 value is 0.9995 which closer to 1.
This study focuses on the utilization of natural polysaccharides as membrane material for the separation of liquid-liquid systems and the potential of membrane pervaporation process to recover drilling mud. Hydrophilic membranes derived from chitosan and sago starch were developed and modified for the pervaporation of ethanol-water, ethyl acetate-water and cesium/potassium formate-water. Membranes were modified through polymer blending, chemical cross-linking as well as heat treatment. Response surface methodology (RSM) was also used to study the optimum preparation conditions of sago starch membranes for the recovery of drilling mud. Increasing feed concentration increases flux and decrease separation factor for both chitosan and sago based membranes. Using RSM, the optimum preparation conditions of sago based membranes was found to be at 65 wt.% of sago, 1.5 wt.% of glutaraldehyde and heat treated at 110°C. Pervaporation was also demonstrated to be feasible for the recovery of cesium/potassium formate drilling mud.
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