The BSC and HR-BCC groups were similar in terms of host immune responses and stromal reactions. Furthermore, BSC and HR-BCC were associated with dense peritumoral inflammation, adjacent perivascular inflammation, and desmoplastic stroma.

Tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia was first described in 1896 in cervical carcinoma and is defined as eosinophilic infiltration in a tumor that is not associated with necrosis or ulceration. Its functional role remains unclear [1]. Eosinophilic infiltration has been reported in carcinomas located in the oral cavity, larynx, pharynx, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, cervix, and external genitalia; however, the literature includes limited data on eosinophilic infiltration in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) [1,2].Objectives. The literature does not include any comparative study on the eosinophil count in premalignant and malignant cutaneous squamous neoplasias. Our aim was to compare the tissue eosinophilic count in actinic keratosis (AK) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Methods. The study included 20 AK and 20 invasive SCC patients. Age, gender, and lesion location were retrospectively evaluated as clinical parameters. Histopathological parameters included density of inflammation score, lesion grade, and the lesion-associated eosinophil count per 10 high-power (40×) microscopic fields, all of which were compared between groups. Results. In all, 65% of the AK group had lesions with moderate inflammation, whereas 85% of the SCC group had lesions with dense inflammation (p=0.001). The mean eosinophil count in the SCC group was significantly higher than that in the AK group, independent of the density of inflammation (p=0.000). In addition, lesion grade was not associated with the eosinophil count in either group (AK group: p=0.601; SCC group: p=0.416). Conclusions. Cutaneous SCC lesions had higher eosinophil counts than AK lesions, indicating the role of the eosinophil count as a histopathological marker of stromal invasion.

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Background and Design:The literature does not include sufficient data on the associations between cytological atypia and stromal reactions in basal cell carcinoma (BCC) subtypes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the grade of cytological atypia and to determine the associations between atypia grade and stromal reactions in BCC. Materials and Methods: The study included 85 BCC patients. Clinical parameters including age, gender and lesion location were evaluated. As histopathological parameters; subtype (high risk/low risk), grade of cytological atypia (mild/moderate/severe), density of peritumoral/adjacent perivascular inflammation, presence of lymphoid follicle formation, and the stromal reaction type (fibromyxoid/desmoplastic) were evaluated. Results: The mean age of the patients was 67.93±11.46 years (range: 38-88) and the female to male ratio was 45:40. 54.1% of the lesions were located on high-risk regions and high-risk subtype was observed in 50.6% of the lesions. Severe cytological atypia was associated with high-risk subtype (p<0.001), dense peritumoral/perivascular inflammation (p<0.001), and desmoplastic stroma (p<0.001). Moderate/severe atypia, desmoplastic stroma, dense peritumoral/perivascular inflammation and lymphoid follicle formation were significantly more common in high-risk subtypes (p<0.001). Locations were not associated with aytpia grades, density of peritumoral/perivascular inflammation, lymphoid follicle formation, and stromal reactions (p=0.774, p=0.665, 0.416, 0.230, 0.461, and 1, respectively). Conclusion: Severe cytological atypia in BCC was associated with more intense inflammation, desmoplastic stroma and high-risk subtypes in BCC. In conclusion, cytological atypia grade may be a factor influencing stromal reactions. Thus, evaluating the atypia grade in routine histopathological examination of BCCs might be used to identify high-risk BCC subtypes with more infiltrative potential.

Amaç -Bu çalışmada kişisel satış alanında sosyal sermayenin müşteri ilişkileri üzerinde olumlu ve olumsuz etkilerinin tespit edilmesi ve sosyal sermayenin kişisel satış yoluyla pazarlama faaliyeti yürüten işletmeler için ne düzeyde etkili olabildiğinin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır.Yöntem -Kişisel satışta sosyal sermayenin müşteri ilişkilerine etkileri üzerine olan bu çalışmada, çalışanın sahip olduğu birçok özelliğin yanında sosyal sermayesinin işletmenin başarısında ve dolayısı ile kişinin başarısında önemli düzeyde etkili olduğuna yönelik tespitler yapılmıştır. Bu araştırmanın amacı doğrultusunda Türkiye'de madeni yağ sektöründe faaliyet gösteren firmalarda çalışan satış yetkilileri ile mülakat yapılmıştır.Bulgular -Mülakatlarda araştırmacıların sahip oldukları sosyal sermayelerinin satış faaliyeti sırasındaki müşteri ilişkilerine önemli etkileri olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, satış yetkililerinin sosyal sermayelerinin hem müşteri ilişkileri üzerinde pozitif etkileri olduğuna hem de sosyal sermaye düzeylerine göre müşteri davranışlarının farklılaştığına işaret etmektedir. Sosyal sermaye düzeyi yükseldikçe hem ticari hem de sosyal faydanın arttığı görülmektedir.Tartışma -Araştırmanın çıktıları, katılımcıların sahip oldukları sosyal sermayelerini müşteriler ile ilk temas kurulması noktasında kullandıklarının tespiti, sosyal sermaye düzeylerinin rekabette fark yarattığı ve sosyal sermaye düzeyi yüksek olan satış yetkililerinin daha başarılı olduğuna işaret etmektedir. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords:Personel (Direct) Sales Social Capital Customer RelationsReceived Revised Accepted Article Classification: Research ArticlePurpose -In this study, it is aimed to determine the positive and negative effects of social capital on customer relations in the field of personal sales and to determine the extent to which social capital can be effective for the companies that carry out marketing activities through personal sales and to provide a reference resource for the enterprises.Design/methodology/approach -In this study on the effects of social capital on customer relations in personal sales, it has been determined that social capital has a significant effect on the success of the company and therefore on the success of the person, along with many other features of the employee. For the purpose of this research the interviews are conducted with sales representatives working in companies operating in the mineral oil industry in Turkey.Findings -During the interviews, it was determined that the social capital of the researchers had significant effects on the customer relations during the sales activity. As a result of the findings, it is seen that the social capital of the sales authorities has an effect on the customer relations and the customer behaviors differ according to the social capital levels. As the level of social capital increased, both commercial and social benefits increased.Discussion -The most important outputs of the research are that the participants use their social capital in the first co...