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The think aloud method: a practical guide to modelling cognitive processes Academic Press, London (1994) 2 Newell, A and Simon, H A Human Problem Solving Prentice Hall, NJ (1972) 3 Ericsson, K A and Simon, H A Protocol Analysis: Verbal reports as data MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1993) 4 Eastman, C M 'On the analysis of intuitive design processes' in G T Moore (ed.) Emerging Methods in Environmental Design and Planning, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1970) pp 21-37

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2007). Comparing entropy measures of idea links in design protocols: Linkography entropy measurement and analysis of differently conditioned design sessions. AbstractThis paper explores using Shannon's entropy of information to measure linkographs of 12 design sessions that involved six architects in two different experimental conditions. The aim is to find a quantitative tool to interpret the linkographs. This study examines if the differences in the design processes and the design outcomes can be reflected in the entropic interpretations. The results show that the overall entropy of one design condition is slightly higher than the other. Further, there are indications that the change of entropy might reflect design outcomes.

This paper shows that expert architects can effectively develop ideas without sketching during early conceptual designing. We analysed design protocols of six expert architects working on two different design problems under two different conditions, one in which they were blindfolded and one in which they were sketching. Architects developed design ideas efficiently when they were blindfolded, as opposed to the common view that they would better develop ideas with sketching.

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Abstract:A collaborative design environment makes assumptions about how the designers communicate and represent their design ideas. These assumptions, including the availability of sketching, 3D modelling, and walking around virtual worlds with avatars, effectively make some actions easier and others more difficult. An analysis of design behaviour in different virtual environments can highlight the impact and benefits of the different tools/environments and their assumptions. This paper reports on a study of three pairs of designers collaborating on design tasks of similar complexity using a different design environment for each task: face to face sketching, remote sketching, and 3D virtual world. Comparing the behaviour patterns and design actions we conclude that characteristics of the design process are quite different in sketching and 3D world environments. While sketching, the architects more frequently moved between the problem and solution spaces, dealing with analysis and synthesis of ideas. The same architects focused on synthesis of the objects, visually analysing the representation, and managing the tasks to model the design when they were in the 3D virtual world.