Terpenes in general and triterpenes in particular showed anti-inflammatory activity and act as immunomodulators in nutraceutical agents. Antiinflammation, a useful and attractive approach in experimental oncology, helps to investigate the inflammation preventive potential of natural products and synthetic entities. During the course of our research work in natural product chemistry and synthesis of novel structures in the field of heterocyclic chemistry, we found interesting results. In natural product betulinic acid, α-amyrin acetate, lupeol acetate, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid and their derivatives showed interesting potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. In this review specific reference has been made to novel classes and newly discovered compounds in the literature, which exhibited required activities. Indomethacine is a potent synthetic compound, which becomes the basis of novel anti-inflammatory agents. Shen postulated a receptor theory which indicates the physical parameters responsible for anti-inflammatory activity. Attempt has been made to cover almost all the anti-inflammatory agents which fall under the various chemical structural classes of compounds showing required activity. The objective of this review is to compile relevant data on the mechanism of action of terpenes isolated from active ethnomedicinal plants to examine the role terpenoids have in medicinal plants used against inflammatory diseases, especially those in which an immune response is implicated. In addition, a selection of several structurally related compounds has been compiled in order to analyze the possible structural characteristics and relationships between the different types of structures found in triterpenoids. The selection of active species was made on the basis of their immunomodulatory activity, and their role in the resolution of diseases in which the immune system is implicated to examine the mechanism by which they are useful as ethnopharmacological medicines. These terpenes include ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, betulinic acid. This review discusses in detail the preclinical studies conducted with triterpenes and provides an insight into its mechanism of action.

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Malaria is the world's most prevalent disease that affects 515-600 million people each year and about 40% of the world's population live at risk for this infection. The prevalence of morbidity and mortality from drug resistant malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) is increasing in most of the developing countries, which is also a global threat because international travel is common now and imported malaria is increasingly a serious problem. Since rapid schizonticidal action of naturally occurring endoperoxides pharmacophore present in artemisinin against drug-resistant malaria has been documented, researchers have focused more on artemisinin analogs than any other antimalarials. In this review, drugs of choice about malaria i.e. artemisinin and its analogus/derivatives (arteether, artemether, artemiside, artemisinin, artemisone, artesunate, dihydroartemisinin) have been discussed in detail e.g. bioavailability, formulation development, stability, combination therapy, additional benefits, drug resistance and toxicity have been reviewed.

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The plant-derived terpenoids are considered to be the most potent anticancer, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic compounds known. Enzymatic biotransformation is a very useful approach to expand the chemical diversity of natural products. Recent enzymatic biotransformation studies on terpenoids have resulted in the isolation of novel compounds. 14-hydroxy methyl caryophyllene oxide produced from caryophyllene oxide showed a potent inhibitory activity against the butyryl cholinesterase enzyme, and was found to be more potent than parent caryophyllene oxide. The metabolites 3β,7β-dihydroxy-11-oxo-olean-12-en-30-oic acid, betulin, betulonic acid, argentatin A, incanilin, 18β glycyrrhetinic acid, 3,11-dioxo-olean-12-en-30-oic acid produced from 18β glycyrrhetinic acid were screened against the enzyme lipoxygenase. 3,11-Dioxo-olean-12-en-30-oic acid, was found to be more active than the parent compound. The metabolites 3β-hydroxy sclareol 18α-hydroxy sclareol, 6α,18α-dihydroxy sclareol, 11S,18α-dihydroxy sclareol, and 1β-hydroxy sclareol and 11S,18α-dihydroxy sclareol produced from sclareol were screened for antibacterial activity. 1β-Hydroxy sclareol was found to be more active than parent sclareol. There are several reports on natural product enzymatic biotransformation, but few have been conducted on terpenes. This review summarizes the classification, advantages and agents of enzymatic transformation and examines the potential role of new enzymatically transformed terpenoids and their derivatives in the chemoprevention and treatment of other diseases.

New derivatives of quinoline (CAS 91-22-5, Z-1) were synthesized and their potential therapeutical significance and structure-activity relationship were tested. The brine shrimp bioassay was carried out to study their in vitro cytotoxicity, and besides, also their antimicrobial, antifungal and cardiovascular activities were investigated. Some structures showed a high degree of activity on the isolated rabbit jejunum. Extensive spectroscopic techniques such as EIMS, FABMS, peak matching MS, UV, IR and 1H NMR were employed to confirm the structure of the synthetic products.

After the WHO declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic intense scuffling against novel coronavirus was observed and established fatal in most regions of the world. High fatality rate and socioeconomic downfall affected the health of non victimized individuals and consequently, health care measures, scheduled clinical and hospital visits avoided by the population hence the adaptation of self-medication proved as the mere troubleshooter for the general population as a swift safeguard for the further possible vulnerable situation. The present study is designed to observe the adaptability of self-medication with pros and cons due to the involved factors of fear of coronavirus, among the general population and for purpose, a questionnaire on the Zenodo-scale was developed and asked to respond from adults and teens after taking consensus, that further analyzed through IBM SPSS Statistics Version 26. The outcome study was amazingly found with high compliance with self-medication among the focused population during the period of COVID. Estimated results showed highly significant correlation 0.000, p< 0.05 between the adaptation of self-medication and pandemic situation, which was estimated from Chi-square and Fisher tests. However, the fear of coronavirus made the practice or malpractice a survival of fittest, an embedded ability of human nature.

Cobalamins are the largest and structurally complex cofactors found in biological systems and have attracted considerable attention due to their participation in the metabolic reactions taking place in humans, animals, and microorganisms. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is a micronutrient and is the precursor of coenzymes, FMN and FAD, required for a wide variety of cellular processes with a key role in energy-based metabolic reactions. As coenzymes of both vitamins are the part of enzyme systems, the possibility of their mutual interaction in the body cannot be overruled. A molecular docking study was conducted on riboflavin molecule with B12coenzymes present in the enzymes glutamate mutase, diol dehydratase, and methionine synthase by using ArgusLab 4.0.1 software to understand the possible mode of interaction between these vitamins. The results from ArgusLab showed the best binding affinity of riboflavin with the enzyme glutamate mutase for which the calculated least binding energy has been found to be −7.13 kcal/mol. The results indicate a significant inhibitory effect of riboflavin on the catalysis of B12-dependent enzymes. This information can be utilized to design potent therapeutic drugs having structural similarity to that of riboflavin.