Coproduction of knowledge is believed to be an effective way to produce usable climate science knowledge through a process of collaboration between scientists and decision makers. While the general principles of coproduction—establishing long-term relationships between scientists and stakeholders, ensuring two-way communication between both groups, and keeping the focus on the production of usable science—are well understood, the mechanisms for achieving those goals have been discussed less. It is proposed here that a more deliberate approach to building the relationships and communication channels between scientists and stakeholders will yield better outcomes. The authors present five approaches to collaborative research that can be used to structure a coproduction process that each suit different types of research or management questions, decision-making contexts, and resources and skills available to contribute to the process of engagement. By using established collaborative research approaches scientists can be more effective in learning from stakeholders, can be more confident when engaging with stakeholders because there are guideposts to follow, and can assess both the process and outcomes of collaborative projects, which will help the whole community of stakeholder-engaged climate-scientists learn about coproduction of knowledge.

[1] We use cosmogenic radionuclide (CRN) exposure ages from polished, striated bedrock to constrain numerical simulations of deglaciation in the Middle Boulder Creek Valley, Colorado Front Range, and the Animas River Valley, San Juan Mountains, Colorado. In both valleys, the cosmogenic ages suggest initiation of deglaciation $20 ka and ongoing retreat until 12-13 ka. While the first-order trend in CRN concentrations in each valley suggests a monotonic glacial retreat, we evaluate other retreat scenarios with different implications for post-Last Glacial Maximum regional climate. We use a 2-D numerical glacier simulation with a CRN layer to investigate how CRN-based deglaciation records are affected by retreat histories that are punctuated by periods of glacier readvance. The CRN layer simulates both production during periods of exposure and reduction by glacial erosion during readvances. We simulate glacial occupation of the valleys as they respond to equilibrium line altitude (ELA) histories characterized by stepwise change, gradual rise, or a rise punctuated by short periods of lowering. Each scenario generates a distinct spatial pattern of concentrations in the CRN layer. These results and the spatial pattern of measured concentrations in bedrock constrain the range of ELA histories that reproduce the CRN pattern in each valley. In the Animas River Valley, the exposure ages are well explained by a linear ELA rise from full glacial to deglacial conditions. Ages in Middle Boulder Creek Valley are best explained by a deglaciation history including a stillstand or partial readvance between 16 and 14 ka, followed by rapid retreat.

During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), a 5000 km 2 ice cap covered the San Juan Mountains of southwest Colorado. The largest valley glacier draining this ice cap occupied the Animas Valley and fl owed 91 km to the south. To characterize the post-LGM demise of the Animas Valley glacier, we employ cosmogenic 10 Be to date the LGM terrace outside the terminal moraines and a suite of seven glacially polished bedrock samples. The 10 Be depth profi le within the terrace sediments suggests abandonment at 19.4 ± 1.5 ka. As deglaciation began, the ponding of Glacial Lake Durango behind the terminal moraines shut off fl uvial sediment supply and caused terrace abandonment. The age of the terrace therefore records the initiation of LGM retreat. Negligible 10 Be inheritance in the terrace profi le suggests that glacial erosion of the bedrock valley fl oor from which sediments were derived erased all cosmogenic inventory. Glacial polish exposure ages monotonically decrease up-valley from 17.1 to 12.3 ka, with the single exception of a sample collected from a quartzite rib, yielding an average retreat rate of 15.4 m/yr. This trend and the lack of inherited cosmogenic nuclides in the terrace sediments imply that polish ages accurately record the glacial retreat history. Retreat of the Animas lobe began at a time of regional drying recorded in sediments and shoreline elevations of large lakes. Deglaciation lasted for ~7.2 k.y., and was complete by 12.3 ± 1.0 ka. The retreat history followed the pattern of increasing insolation and was perhaps fastest during a time of regional drying.

Increased costs to US pavement infrastructure from future temperature rise. Nature Climate Change, 7(10), 704.

Information and services delivered through mobile phones, 'm-services', have transformative potential to provide rural African farmers with important agro-meteorological information. However, a greater understanding is needed regarding the types of m-services available to farmers, how farmers access that information, and possible factors affecting m-service use. With a study of smallholder farming communities in central Kenya, we examine factors affecting the likelihood of Kenyan farmers' adoption of m-services specifically related to agriculture and livestock information, buying and selling products, and alerts about agricultural or livestock activities. According to a survey of 577 farming households, 98% of respondents own a mobile phone. Approximately 25% use it to access information about agriculture and livestock, 23% access information about buying and selling products, and 18% receive alerts. Personal smartphone ownership increases the likelihood of m-services use (p < .001), as does membership in farmer organizations (p < .001). We find that age and income are not significantly related to m-service use, and we discuss this result in terms of intersections between smartphone ownership, gender, and education. Consistent with prior qualitative research, our quantitative results further support the need for m-services providers to design for basic or feature phone users for improved dissemination of agro-meteorological information. ARTICLE HISTORY

1Boundary organizations, knowledge networks, and information brokers have been 2 suggested as mechanisms that help integrate information into decision-making and 3 enhance interactions between the producers and users of climate information. While these 4 mechanisms have been discussed in many studies in disparate fields of research, there has 5 been little empirical research describing how they relate and support each other within 6 studies on climate services. In this paper, two Caribbean Regional Climate Outlook 7 Forums (CariCOF) convened in 2014 are studied. CariCOFs facilitate the production of 8 regional seasonal climate information and the dissemination of it to a diverse climate and 9 socio-economic region. Network analysis, key informant interviews, and small group 10 discussions were used to answer two questions:(1) what are the barriers to using seasonal 11 climate forecasts (SCF) by CariCOF participants and (2) what are the iterative processes 12 of information exchange that address these barriers? The barriers to using SCF include 13 difficulty in demonstrating the value of the forecast to potential users, difficulty in 14 interpreting and explaining the forecast to others, and challenges associated with the 15 scientific language used in the information. To address these constraints, the convener of 16 the CariCOF acts as a boundary organization by enabling interactions between 17 participants representing diverse sectoral and geographic settings. This develops a 18 network that helps build shared scientific understanding and knowledge about how 19 different sectors experience climate risk. These interactions guide information brokering 20 activities that help individuals communicate and translate climate information to facilitate 21 understanding at local levels. 22

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