Materials science literature contains millions of materials synthesis procedures described in unstructured natural language text. Largescale analysis of these synthesis procedures would facilitate deeper scientific understanding of materials synthesis and enable automated synthesis planning. Such analysis requires extracting structured representations of synthesis procedures from the raw text as a first step. To facilitate the training and evaluation of synthesis extraction models, we introduce a dataset of 230 synthesis procedures annotated by domain experts with labeled graphs that express the semantics of the synthesis sentences. The nodes in this graph are synthesis operations and their typed arguments, and labeled edges specify relations between the nodes. We describe this new resource in detail and highlight some specific challenges to annotating scientific text with shallow semantic structure. We make the corpus available to the community to promote further research and development of scientific information extraction systems.
School teachers have an elevated risk of voice problems due to the vocal demands in the workplace. This manuscript presents the results of three studies investigating teachers’ voice use at work. In the first study, 57 teachers were observed for 2 weeks (waking hours) to compare how they used their voice in the school environment and in non-school environments. In a second study, 45 participants performed a short vocal task in two different rooms: a variable acoustic room and an anechoic chamber. Subjects were taken back and forth between the two rooms. Each time they entered the variable acoustics room, the reverberation time and/or the background noise condition had been modified. In this latter study, subjects responded to questions about their vocal comfort and their perception of changes in the acoustic environment. In a third study, 20 untrained vocalists performed a simple vocal task in the following conditions: with and without background babble and with and without transparent plexiglass shields to increase the first reflection. Relationships were examined between [1] the results for the room acoustic parameters; [2] the subjects’ perception of the room; and [3] the recorded speech acoustic. Several differences between male and female subjects were found; some of those differences held for each room condition (at school vs. not at school, reverberation level, noise level, and early reflection).
School teachers are known to have an elevated risk of voice problems due to speaking demands in the workplace, as well as noise conditions in the classroom. Six elementary school teachers were recorded for a full school day using a neck-worn accelerometer and microphone. Classroom noise levels were also recorded using seven stationary microphones distributed randomly throughout the room. A method was developed that used the accelerometer signal to identify when a teacher is speaking, subsequently calculating a speech-to-noise ratio from six hours of teaching. Speech levels and fundamental frequencies were assessed through the accelerometer signal. The former were compared to temporally and spatially proximate noise levels from the neck-worn microphone when the teacher was not speaking. The speech data was also compared to spatially averaged and temporally proximate classroom noise levels when the teacher was not speaking. While unique in the duration of the observation for the various teachers, the speech-to-noise ratio exhibited trends related to those suggested in previous studies and is congruent with the Lombard effect. A good understanding of how a teacher compensates for realistic occupational noise conditions can lead to better recommendations for the teacher to retain good vocal health. The method and speech trends will be discussed, and future methodological improvements will be suggested.
School teachers are known to have an elevated risk of voice problems due to the vocal demands in their work environments. Forty-five participants (20 females, 25 males, 7 elementary school teachers, and 38 college-age adults) performed a short vocal task in two different rooms: a variable-acoustics room and an anechoic chamber. The subjects were taken back and forth between the two rooms using a deception protocol. Each time they entered the variable-acoustics room, the acoustical characteristics (two background noise conditions and two reverberation conditions) had been changed without a visual appearance of change. Analysis was conducted on recorded second and third sentences of the first paragraph of the Rainbow Passage. Results revealed that differences in response to reverberation was gender specific. Additionally, school teachers seemed to be more susceptible to the noise condition.
School teachers have an elevated risk of voice problems due to vocal demands in the workplace. ANSI SI2.60-2002 provides a standard for classroom acoustics, but it focuses primarily on students and unoccupied classroom settings. This presentation explores a preliminary study of six elementary school teachers that included measurements of architectural acoustics parameters and noise-levels of their classrooms, as well as their speech levels and fundamental frequencies over the course of a school day. The measurement methods and speech trends are discussed for the various cases, demonstrating that classroom acoustics standards may benefit from greater attention to teacher vocal health.
Thiele-Small parameters for loudspeaker drivers are essential in modern loudspeaker design. While they are typically given in specifications by a driver manufacturer, their values can vary considerably. SpeakerLab is a loudspeaker parameter measurement and modeling tool, an all-inclusive app for the loudspeaker designer. Using a specially designed cable with a known impedance, a user will be able to plug their mobile device directly into a loudspeaker driver and measure its Thiele-Small parameters using the added mass or known volume method. With the correctly measured parameters, an enclosure can be appropriately modeled and optimized.
Improving room acoustics can be expensive and time consuming, even for the most experienced acousticians. SoundMap ™ is a user friendly app that can be used to easily model rooms based upon acoustic properties. A combination of the method of images, ray tracing, and modal analysis will be used to calculate steady state levels for different frequency bands in a room. The modeling will also take several other factors into account, including the room impulse response, absorption coefficients of boundary materials, furniture, and other room elements. The model will incorporate generic loudspeaker systems, with the future design goal of integrating specific loudspeaker systems. Through a contour plot, the user will be able to test the effects of loudspeaker location, loudspeaker type, room layout, and room materials, with the aim of optimizing the listening experience.
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