ABSTRACT1. Long-term and well-managed marine protected areas (MPAs) can, under the right circumstances, contribute to biodiversity conservation and fisheries management, thus contributing to food security and sustainable livelihoods.2. This article emphasizes (1) the potential utility of MPAs as a fisheries management tool, (2) the costs and benefits of MPAs for fishing communities, and (3) the foundations of good governance and management processes for creating effective MPAs with a dual fisheries and conservation mandate.3. This article highlights case studies from numerous regions of the world that demonstrate practical and often successful solutions in bridging the divide between MPA management and fisheries sustainability, with a focus on small-scale coastal fisheries in order to emphasize lessons learned.4. To be an effective fisheries management tool, MPAs should be embedded in broader fisheries management and conservation plans. MPAs are unlikely to generate benefits if implemented in isolation. The spatial and temporal distribution of benefits and costs needs to be taken into account since proximal fishery-dependent communities may experience higher fishing costs over the short and long-term while the fisheries benefits from MPAs may only accrue over the long-term.5. Key lessons for effectively bridging the divide between biodiversity conservation and fisheries sustainability goals in the context of MPAs include: creating spaces and processes for engagement, incorporating fisheries in MPA design and MPAs into fisheries management, engaging fishers in management, recognizing rights and tenure, coordinating between agencies and clarifying roles, combining no-take-areas with other fisheries management actions, addressing the balance of costs and benefits to fishers, making a long-term commitment, creating a collaborative network of stakeholders, taking multiple pressures into account, managing adaptively, recognizing and addressing trade-offs, and matching good governance with effective management and enforcement.
Depth information is resolved from thick specimens using a modification of structured illumination. By projecting a random projection pattern with varied spatial frequencies that is rotated while capturing images, sectioning can be performed using an incoherent light source in reflectance only. This provides a low-cost solution to obtaining information similar to that produced in confocal microscopy and other methods of structured illumination, without the requirement of complex or elaborate equipment, coherent light sources, or fluorescence. The broad line width of the light emitting diode minimizes artifacts associated with speckle from the laser while also increasing the safety of the instrument. Single diffusers and cascaded diffusers are compared to provide the most efficient method for sectioning at depth. By using reflectance only, in vivo images are produced on a human subject, generating high-contrast images and providing depth information about subsurface objects.
Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) achieves sectioning at depth by removing undesired light from out-of-focus planes within a specimen. However, it generally requires at least three modulated images with discrete phase shifts of 0, 120, and 240 deg to produce sectioning. Using a Hilbert transform demodulation, it is possible to produce both sectioning and depth information relative to a reference plane (i.e., a coverslip) using only a single image. The specimen is modulated at a known frequency, and the unmodulated portion of the image is estimated. These two components are used to provide a high-quality sectioned image containing both axial and lateral information of an object. The sectioning resolution with a single image is on par with that of a control three-image SIM. We are also able to show that when used with three images of discrete phase, this method produces better contrast within a turbid media than the traditional SIM technique. Because the traditional SIM requires alignment of three different phases, small differences in optical path length can introduce strong artifacts. Using the single-image technique removes this dependency, greatly improving sectioning in turbid media. Multiple targets with various depths and opaqueness are considered, including human skin in vivo, demonstrating a quick and useful way to provide noninvasive sectioning in real time.
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