A few safety challenges with lithium-ion batteries, stemming mostly from errors in assembly or from faulty electronics managing them, have created visibility and public concern. The ability to monitor all individual cells within large operational batteries containing many series/parallel cells, respectively, is challenging, and there is growing demand to identify new, non-invasive sensing technologies. Elevated temperatures, induced by either normal or abnormal operation, is a leading cause of failure. With traditional thermal sensing technology, it’s feasible to monitor a few spots within a large battery, introducing a high probability that elevated temperatures will not be measured by the managment system(s) intended to protect them. When abnormal conditions occur, a cell’s case expands and contracts in a measureable way. Detection of an abnormal stress/strain signature is another diagnostic that has great potential. The present study demonstrates the ability of an Optical Distributed Sensor Interrogator (ODiSI) to measure the surface temperature and case deformation of 18650 cells under normal and abnormal conditions, respectively. Multiple experiments have been performed to demonstrate the abilities of the ODiSI to measure temperature and stress/strain changes, respectively, and they show that the results are unique and repeatable making this a promising technique for monitoring lithium-ion cells.
Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy has been widely used for rapid image acquisition with a high axial resolution from micrometer to millimeter scale. Traditional light-sheet techniques involve the use of a single illumination beam directed orthogonally at sample tissue. Images of large samples that are produced using a single illumination beam contain stripes or artifacts and suffer from a reduced resolution due to the scattering and absorption of light by the tissue. This study uses a dual-sided illumination beam and a simplified CLARITY optical clearing technique for the murine heart. These techniques allow for deeper imaging by removing lipids from the heart and produce a large field of imaging, greater than 10 x 10 x 10 mm 3. As a result, this strategy enables us to quantify the ventricular dimensions, track the cardiac lineage, and localize the spatial distribution of cardiac-specific proteins and ion-channels from the post-natal to adult mouse hearts with sufficient contrast and resolution.
Lithium-ion batteries are widely deployed in commercial and industrial applications. Continuous monitoring is necessary to prevent destructive results caused by thermal runaway. Thermocouples and thermistors are traditional sensors used for thermally monitoring cells, modules, and batteries, but they only sense changes at the physical point where they are deployed. A high density of these sensors within a module or battery is desirable but also impractical. The study documented here shows that a commercial grade fiber optic sensor can be used as a practical replacement for multiple discrete thermocouples or strain gauges for a battery or module, to monitor a battery module at millimeter resolution along the fiber length. It is shown here that multiple fiber optic sensors can be series connected to allow for monitoring of a battery consisting of more than one module. In addition, it is shown that the same type of fiber can also be used to identify the onset of fault conditions by correlating the response in a fiber optic sensor suspended close to the module with an audible signature detected by a microphone at the time of failure. Early detection and identification of abnormal cell operation is demonstrated within batteries employing many cells.
The hemodynamic forces experienced by the heart influence cardiac development, especially trabeculation, which forms a network of branching outgrowths from the myocardium. Genetic program defects in the Notch signaling cascade are involved in ventricular defects such as Left Ventricular Non-Compaction Cardiomyopathy or Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. Using this protocol, it can be determined that shear stress driven trabeculation and Notch signaling are related to one another. Using Light-sheet Fluorescence Microscopy, visualization of the developing zebrafish heart was possible. In this manuscript, it was assessed whether hemodynamic forces modulate the initiation of trabeculation via Notch signaling and thus, influence contractile function occurs. For qualitative and quantitative shear stress analysis, 4-D (3-D+time) images were acquired during zebrafish cardiac morphogenesis, and integrated light-sheet fluorescence microscopy with 4-D synchronization captured the ventricular motion. Blood viscosity was reduced via gata1a-morpholino oligonucleotides (MO) micro-injection to decrease shear stress, thereby, down-regulating Notch signaling and attenuating trabeculation. Co-injection of Nrg1 mRNA with gata1a MO rescued Notch-related genes to restore trabeculation. To confirm shear stress driven Notch signaling influences trabeculation, cardiomyocyte contraction was further arrested via tnnt2a-MO to reduce hemodynamic forces, thereby, down-regulating Notch target genes to develop a non-trabeculated myocardium. Finally, corroboration of the expression patterns of shear stress-responsive Notch genes was conducted by subjecting endothelial cells to pulsatile flow. Thus, the 4-D light-sheet microscopy uncovered hemodynamic forces underlying Notch signaling and trabeculation with clinical relevance to non-compaction cardiomyopathy.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.