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Although previous studies have hypothesised that union perceptions (e.g. perceived union instrumentality, perceived union support) predict members commitment to the union, these relationships have only been tested crosssectionally. Drawing on attitude-behavior consistency theory, this study hypothesised that union commitment may be an antecedent of union perceptions. Cross-lagged structural equation models with one year separating waves of data collection (N 5 676) provided the most support for a model suggesting that commitment precedes perceptions of the union. These results point to the need to consider new models of union commitment for shop stewards and, potentially, union members.

This article aims to highlight the dynamics underlying Italian researchers’ migration patterns over the last decade. Building on data gathered through an international study (MORE 3), the analysis focuses on identifying perceptions of working conditions, career prospect and confidence in the national Research and Innovation (R&I) system by Italian researchers in Italy and abroad. It provides a comparative assessment of researchers’ satisfaction with regards to their R&I environment in and outside Italy, across different fields of study and career stages. Results show that Italian researchers working abroad have a faster career progression than researchers in the Italian system and provide evidence of a low confidence of Italian researchers regarding career prospect in their own country. These findings are interpreted as major determinants of the decision to emigrate and develop an academic career abroad. Implications for future science policy in Italy are discussed.

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