The objective of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of lipid oxidation in the meat of free-range broilers feeding on grasshoppers in alpine rangeland on the Tibetan Plateau. Eighty 28-d-old Qinjiaoma male broilers were introduced into a rangeland where there was a dense population of grasshoppers (PB). Control birds were reared under intensive conditions and given a maize-soybean diet. At 91 d of age, 24 birds from each treatment were slaughtered. Fresh breast and thigh meats were packaged and refrigerated for determination. The results indicate that rearing conditions, which included a diet rich in grasshoppers for PB broilers, significantly (P < 0.05) affected α-tocopherol content, total iron, heme iron, and nonheme iron content in the muscle of both the breast and leg. Rearing system and diet also had an important effect on antioxidant activity and lipid oxidation during refrigerated storage. This influence changed with storage time between different tissues. The activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in the muscle of chicken breasts or legs from PB broilers were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those from the controls, but no significant (P > 0.05) differences were found for the activities of catalase between the PB broilers and the controls. In conclusion, the meat in free-range broilers feeding on grasshoppers has more antioxidative potential and longer storage life.
In order to describe grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) species composition, diversity, abundance, and density of four rangelands types, we compared the grasshopper community composition and dynamics in the rangeland of the northern slopes of the Qilian Mountains. In total, 55 grasshopper species were collected from 2007 to 2009, representing three families and six subfamilies. The subfamily Oedipodinae was dominant, followed by Gomphocerinae and Catantopinae. Species abundance varied among rangeland types (RTs). The greatest abundance of grasshoppers was found in mountain rangeland, while the lowest abundance of grasshoppers was caught in alpine shrublands. Three species (Chorthippus cf. brunneus (Thunberg) (Acrididae), Chorthippus Dubius (Zubovski), and Gomphocerus licenti (Chang) were broadly distributed in the four RTs and constituted 7.5% of all grasshoppers collected. Ch. dubius was very abundant in desert rangeland and alpine shrubland. Bryodema dolichoptera Yin et Feng Eremippus qilianshanensis Lian and Zheng, and Filchnerella qilianshanensis Xi and Zheng (Pamphagidae) were endemic to the region of the Qilian Mountains. Species similarity between RTs ranged from 17.8 to 51.6 based on the Renkonen index. Similarly, the Sörensen index indicated a wide separation in species composition among RTs. The abundance of the eight most common species showed obvious differences among RTs and years. On average, mountain rangeland had the highest density values in 2007 and 2008, and alpine shrubland supported the smallest density. The densities in desert and mountain rangeland in 2007 were significantly higher than in 2008, while alpine rangeland and shrublands did not present obvious differences among years.
K-shell X-ray emission was observed in the neutralization process of Ar 16+ interacting with beryllium and molybdenum at slow speed (less than Bohr velocity). The K-shell X-ray emission came from the metastable component of Ar 16+ beam with the configuration (1s2s) produced from electron cyclotron resonance ion source. The intensity ratio of K β X-ray emission to K α X-ray emission (I K β/I K α) in the neutralization process decreased when the kinetic energy of the projectile increased. This is closely related to the flight time the projectiles spend above the surface, which is dominated by both the work function of the metal and the normal velocity component of the incident ions to the surface according to the classical over-barrier model. As the relation between I K β/I K α and the above-flight time shows, the longer time above the surface the larger ratio due to the above-surface contribution. Furthermore, the smaller work function leads to the smaller contribution from the above surface.
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