ABSTRACT:With the development of Web 2.0, more and more data related to indoor environments has been collected within the volunteered geographic information (VGI) framework, which creates a need for construction of indoor environments from VGI. In this study, we focus on generating 3D building models from OpenStreetMap (OSM) data, and provide an approach to support construction and visualization of indoor environments on 3D maps. In this paper, we present an algorithm which can extract building information from OSM data, and can construct building structures as well as inner building components (e.g., doors, rooms, and windows). A web application is built to support the processing and visualization of the building models on a 3D map. We test our approach with an indoor dataset collected from the field. The results show the feasibility of our approach and its potentials to provide support for a wide range of applications, such as indoor and outdoor navigation, urban planning, and incident management.
<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Disaster scenarios in high-rise buildings such as the Address Downtown, Dubai or Grenfell Tower, London have showed ones again the importance of data information availability for emergency management in buildings. 3D visualization of indoor routing services using extensive and high quality geographic data sources is essential for spatial analysis in emergency responses. In order to facilitate emergency response simulations, a combination of geometrical, graphical and semantic information is essential. Successful and efficient emergency evacuation responses is facilitated by the availability of both digital static and dynamic information of the incident site. However, interruptions may be encountered with the availability of dynamic data, where static data developed using indoor navigation ontologies serve as an alternative to inform the first responders. Thus, it is necessary to obtain a firm, interactive and quasi-realistic virtual simulation of the building environments. Voxelized CityGML models imported into voxel based hazard simulation systems fits well into the simulation algorithm requirements (Groger et al., 2008; Moreno et.al, 2010). Therefore, the research investigates an alternative platform for generating CityGML spatial analysis models. LoD4 models are developed using Computer Aided Design (Auto CAD) 2D files, crowdsourced geo-data (OpenStreetMap) and open source tools. A combination of software packages is utilized for 3D reconstruction of building interiors. This process is achieved through a Java application developed by researchers at Heidelberg University. Conclusions drawn from the research validate the 3D CityGML model generation process as an international standard to effectively enhance the outcome of emergency evacuation simulations of high rise buildings.</p>
Syntheses of New Pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine Derivatives Starting from 1, 1-Diamino-2,2-dicyanoethylene.-In continuation of earlier studies on the synthetic utility of dicyanoethylenes the title compounds such as (III) and (V) are synthesized. It is noteworthy that (I) does not react with hydroxylamine, amidine, and guanidine. Additionally, it is interesting that (Vb) is also the sole product if two equivalents of (IVb) are used. The structure of (Va) is determined by X-ray analysis. - (NEIDLEIN, R.; WANG, Z.; Heterocycles 45 (1997 Heterocycles 45 ( ) 8, 1509 Heterocycles 45 ( -1518 Pharm.-Chem. Inst., Ruprecht-Karls-Univ., D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; EN)
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A Novel Fused Heterocyclic System -Synthesis of Substituted 9,10-Dihydro-1,3,4,6,7,10-hexaazacyclohepta[de]naphthalen-8(7H)-ones.-The chlorine substituted pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidine (III), synthesized from the pyrimidine (I), is converted into a series of new pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidines (V) by reaction with α-aminoacidic esters (IV). These esters undergo intramolecular ring closure in refluxing EtOH to furnish the title compounds (VI), which are representatives of a novel tricyclic heterocyclic ring system. -(WANG, Z.; NEIDLEIN, R.; Tetrahedron 54 (1998) 33, 9903-9910; Pharm.-Chem. Inst., Ruprecht-Karls-Univ., D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; EN)
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