Current experimental and epidemiological studies provide inconsistent evidence toward the association between tea consumption and cancer incidence. We investigated whether tea consumption was associated with the incidence of all cancers and six leading types of cancer (lung cancer, stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, female breast cancer and cervix uteri cancer) among 455,981 participants aged 30–79 years in the prospective cohort China Kadoorie Biobank. Tea consumption was assessed at baseline (2004–2008) with an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Cancer cases were identified by linkage to the national health insurance system. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). In the present population, daily tea consumers were more likely to be current smokers and daily alcohol consumers. 22,652 incident cancers occurred during 10.1 years follow-up (5.04 cases/1000 person-years). When we restricted analyses to non-smokers and non-excessive alcohol consumers to minimize confounding, tea consumption was not associated with all cancers (daily consumers who added tea leaves > 4.0 g/day vs. less-than-weekly consumers: HR, 1.03; 95%CI, 0.93–1.13), lung cancer (HR, 1.08; CI, 0.84–1.40), colorectal cancer (HR, 1.08; CI, 0.81–1.45) and liver cancer (HR, 1.08; CI, 0.75–1.55), yet might be associated with increased risk of stomach cancer (HR, 1.46; CI, 1.07–1.99). In both less-than-daily and daily tea consumers, all cancer risk increased with the amount of tobacco smoked or alcohol consumed. Our findings suggest tea consumption may not provide preventive effect against cancer incidence. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10654-019-00530-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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In a Chinese population from both urban and rural areas, weight loss of ≥ 5 kg from early adulthood to midlife was associated with a higher risk of hip fracture and lower BMD in later life. Introduction This study investigates the association of the long-term weight loss from young adulthood through the middle ages with the subsequent 10-year risk of hospitalized fracture and calcaneus bone mineral density (BMD). Methods China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) was established during 2004-2008 in ten areas across China. Weight at age 25 years was self-reported at baseline, and weight at baseline and resurvey was measured by the calibrated equipment. Outcomes were hospitalized fracture during follow-up and calcaneus BMD measured at resurvey. Analysis for fracture risk included 411,812 participants who were free of fracture in the last 5 years before baseline, cancer, or stroke at any time before baseline. Analysis for BMD included 21,453 participants who participated in the resurvey of 2013-2014 with the same exclusion criteria as above.Results The mean age was 50.8 at baseline and 58.4 at resurvey. Median weight change from age 25 to baseline was 4.4 kg, with 20.7% losing weight and 58.5% gaining weight. During a median follow-up of 10.1 years, we documented 13,065 cases of first diagnosed fracture hospitalizations, including 1222 hip fracture. Compared with participants whose weight was stable (± 2.4 kg), the adjusted hazard ratios (95% CIs) for those with weight loss of ≥ 5.0 kg from age 25 to baseline was 1.39 (1.17 to 1.66) for hip fracture. Weight loss was not associated with fracture risk at other sites. Those with weight loss from age 25 to resurvey had the lowest BMD measures, with β (95% CIs) of − 4.52 (− 5.08 to − 3.96) for broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), − 4.83 (− 6.98, − 2.67) for speed of sound (SOS), and − 4.36 (− 5.22, − 3.49) for stiffness index (SI). Conclusions Weight loss from early adulthood to midlife was associated with a higher risk of hip fracture and lower BMD in later life.The members of steering committee and collaborative group are listed in the online-only supplemental material.Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.

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Research on the fringe belts of Shangqiu, China: a morphogenetic approach Zijing Shen, Xirui Feng, Shuying Cheng, Yanhui Shi* College of Urban and Environmental Sciences. Peking University. Beijing. China 100871 E-mail: shzj950609@163.com, 873405878@qq.com, corrine0123@126.com, yhshi1988@sina.com*   Keywords: fringe belts, morphogenetic analysis, ancient Shangqiu; concentric Conference topic: Urban form and social use of space   The concept of the fringe belt has, in recent years, been studied quite widely in the Western world.  Fringe belts were first recognized in Europe, primarily in relation to city walls.  In China, fringe belts have been rarely studied, despite their very widespread occurrence.  Yet China provides a highly complex world of urban morphological phenomena related to cultural settings substantially different from those in the West. In relation to both a long urban history and recent rapid processes of industrialization and urbanization, the fringe belts of Chinese cities deserve more in-depth research.  To rectify this deficiency, this paper examines the developmental process and form of the fringe belts of Shangqiu (including both ancient Shangqiu and modern Shangqiu) as a central focus, using the basic methods of morphogenetic analysis.  Since the Ming Dynasty the existence of fringe belts in Shangqui relates to double fixation lines (double city walls, the space between which is water for defence against invasion and flood).  Since 1949, a new core developed outside ancient Shangqiu.  In time, due to the alteration of the city’s organizational system and rapid expansion of modern Shangqiu, the whole of ancient Shangqiu, as well as its fringe belts, has become part of the fringe-belts system of modern Shangqiu.  The development of the fringe belts of Shangqiu shows a different pattern from a concentric town such as Alnwick. This finding extends and refines the understanding of fringe belts.   References: Louis, H. (1936) ‘Die geographische Gliederung von Gross-Berlin’, Länderkundliche Forschung: Krebs Festschrift (Engelhorn, Stuttgart) 146-71. Conzen, M. R. G. (1969) Alnwick, Northumberland: a study in town-plan analysis Institute of British Geographers Publication 27 (George Philip, London).

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