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Pre-anthesis stored dry matter in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is important in a Mediterranean climate because grain filling greatly depends on the remobilization of pre-anthesis assimilates. A water deficit at the post-anthesis stage may increase the dry matter stored before anthesis. This field study assessed the effects of post-anthesis water deficit and the application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on three wheat cultivars. Data collected over 2 years showed that, in wheat with a post-anthesis water deficit (WD), dry matter remobilization efficiency reached its maximum (29%) at 80 kg N ha(1 , but further additions of N decreased it. The contribution of remobilized dry matter to a grain ranged from 7% to 23% of the grain's dry weight and, in WD grain, was 78% more than that of well-watered (WW) grain. Grain from plots on which fertilizer had been applied had a lower proportion of remobilized dry matter than did grain from unfertilized plots. For grain from adequately fertilized treatments, limited irrigation was associated with reduced dry matter remobilization. The amount of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) remaining in parts of the plant was much greater in the WW than in the WD treatments. The 160 kg N ha (1 treatment also left more NSC unused than did the no N treatment. The active grain-filling period was shortened substantially by a water deficit, but this was countered by the application of 160 kg N ha (1 . Grain-filling rates for all cultivars or all N treatments were increased by inducing a water deficit. For WD grains, kernel weight was reduced when fertilizer application rates were 0Á80 kg N ha (1 , but increased when rates were 160 kg N ha(1 , unlike WW grain exposed to similar fertilizer regimes. The grain yield of WD wheat was reduced by 25%, and that of grain receiving no fertilizer was 15% lower than that receiving 80 kg N ha (1 . Among three wheat cultivars, cv. Chamran produced the highest grain yield (19% higher than that of either cv. Shiraz or cv. Marvdasht). It was concluded that the stored carbohydrate had provided an important buffer against water stress during grain filling, in terms of yield.

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