The pattern of sulfur transformation in peat across the Everglades basin indicates that pyrite formation in organic-rich swamps depends on the use of organic oxysulfur compounds in dissimilatory respiration by sulfur-reducing bacteria. This paragenesis explains the primary distribution of sulfur compounds in low-sulfur coals and possibly in most coals and many organic-rich soils and sediments. It also accounts for the occurrence of framboidal pyrite bound in fossil tissue in coal and sediments.
Extensive deposits of kaolinite in Florida are formed by transformation of montmorillonite during low-temperature supergene weathering. The transformation occurs by intracrystalline leaching of interlayer cations and tetrahedral silica layers. Interposition of stripped layers within montmorillonite creates a regular 1:1 mixedlayered montmorillonite-kaolinite, a new clay structure. Kaolin-like layers are nourished by lateral epitaxy, as the iron-rich montmorillonite decomposes. Hexagonal outgrowths of new kaolinite develop at the edges of montmorillonite flakes and nucleate new vertical growth. Kaolinitic sands impregnated with goethite are ultimately formed, and the released silica enriches groundwater and forms secondary chert.
Isla Mona and the nearby rock of Monito are situated in Mona Passage, about midway between Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. Isla Mona has an area of about 21 square miles and Monito less than a quarter of a square mile. Isla Mona is a limestone tableland, bounded by steep to vertical cliffs and fringed about its southern perimeter by a narrow low-lying coastal terrace. The climate of the island is semiarid; its mean annual rainfall is 88.1 inches. The flora is zerophytic and consists mostly of cactus, leguminous plants, shrubs, and dwarfed trees. The density of the brush is surprising considering the sparse nature of the soil, and most of the larger plants seem to be rooted in narrow, soil-filled crevices in the limestone. The island was discovered by Columbus in 1494 during his second voyage. In early colonial times the island was a watering and provisioning station. At the present time its only inhabitants are the lighthouse crew. In the late 19th century the caverns with which the island abounds were extensively worked for their deposits of leached guano.Except for the thin soil of the tableland, Isla Mona consists entirely of limestone and dolomite. The Isla Mona limestone forms most of the mass of both islands and is probably early or middle Miocene in age. One sample of rock when tested in the laboratory proved to be dolomite. Unfortunately, it is not known how much of the rock exposed in the vertical sea cliffs of the north coast is dolomite nor whether the dolomite is confined to specific beds or represents irregular-shaped alterations of the limestone. The Isla Mona limestone is essentially flat lying, although apparent dips up to 3%° are visible in the cliffs. No faults were noted. In places a relatively thin cavernous limestone, the Lirio limestone, overlies the Isla Mona limestone. At Punta Este the two formations are separated by a slight angular unconformity. Only one fossil, a coral was found in the Lirio limestone, and from it the formation appears to be either Pliocene or Pleistocene in age. The low coastal terrace surrounding the south side of the island is mostly an elevated reef of Pleistocene age, thinly veneered with sand. Lineations on the plateau suface (best seen from the air) presumably reflect jointing. These have roughly a radial pattern, which suggests that the island has undergone a slight doming deformation since Lirio time.The scant reddish-brown residual soil of the tableland is a nonplastic, granular aggregate whose inorganic component consists mostly of a mixture of hematite, carbonaceous and amorphous substances (iron oxide?), boehmite, kaolinite, and mica. The isoil is rich in phosphorous and nitrogen. Veins and vermicular structures of reddish impure limestone are
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