Genome-Wide Association Studies are an important tool for identifying genetic markers associated with a trait, but it has been plagued by the multiple testing problem, which necessitates a multiple testing correction method. While many multiple testing methods have been suggested, e.g. Bonferroni and Benjamini-Hochbergs False Discovery Rate, the quality of the adjusted threshold based on these methods is not as well investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the balance between power and false positive rate of a Genome-Wide Association Studies experiment with Bonferroni and Benjamini-Hochbergs False Discovery Rate multiple testing correction methods and to test the effects of various experimental design and genetic architecture parameters on this balance. Our results suggest that when the markers are independent the threshold from Benjamini-Hochbergs False Discovery Rate provides a better balance between power and false positive rate in an experiment. However, with correlations between markers the threshold of Benjamini-Hochbergs False Discovery Rate becomes too lenient with an excessive number of false positives. Experimental design parameters such as sample size and number of markers used, as well as genetic architecture of a trait affect the balance between power and false positive rate. This experiment provided guidance in selecting an appropriate experimental design and multiple testing correction method when conducting an experiment.
Background and PurposePoor balance confidence and functional balance can lead to falls in community‐dwelling older adults. Exercises utilising slow movements have been shown to improve balance in this population. It is hypothesised that by superimposing the use of slow movements onto Taekwondo Poomsae, there could be similar benefits in improving balance confidence and functional balance in older adults.MethodsThis was a pre ‐ experimental study. Fifteen community‐dwelling older adults received 11 weeks of Slow Poomsae (SP) training using a proposed 50‐min protocol. Pre‐ and post‐intervention scores of the Activities‐Specific Balance Confidence Simplified Scale (ABC‐S), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Dynamic Gait Index (DGI), and ‘Timed Up and Go’ test (TUG) assessments were recorded and compared.ResultsFifteen eligible participants with mean and standard deviation (SD) of age 73.8 (6.05) years completed the study. Significant improvements (p < 0.05) were seen in the pre‐post differences between ABC‐S, BBS, DGI, and TUG, with median score changes of 15 points (Z = −3.408), 3 points (Z = −3.306), 3 points (Z = −2.852), and 3.5 s (Z = −3.296) respectively.ConclusionThe preliminary findings support the efficacy of SP as a potential balance training programme that is safe for healthy older adults to improve their balance confidence and functional balance. More research is required on this topic that leans towards a large population blinded randomised controlled trial with a longer intervention period and inclusion of a follow‐up to further elucidate the effects of long‐term practice and novelty of SP.
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