Chrysanthemum is one of the most important and popular ornamentals over the world. Breeding of new pedigrees depends mainly on conventional crossing. Chrysanthemum genetic resources were categorized into three groups. Here we introduce the wild species and related genera of Chrysanthemum in order to extend the genetic resources that can be used for genetic improvement of chrysanthemums by hybridization. In the genus Chrysanthemum and closely related genera, there are many wild species that are able to cross successfully with modern chrysanthemums. These represent important genetic resources for introducing new characters into florist's chrysanthemums. The genus Chrysanthemum consists of more than 40 species distributed mainly in East Asia. More than 20 species of Chrysanthemum are native to China. Unfortunately, little of this information has been published in western languages. In this paper, we also provide an overall review of the basic information of the wild species of we have collected in China in order to understand and exploit those genetic resources much better. We have collected about 17 wild species and studied their useful characters in the past several years. These species include C. oreastrum (Hance)
Cinnamaldehyde (CA) is a volatile plant secondary metabolite that exhibits strong anti-pathogenic activities. Nonetheless, less is known about the effect of CA on plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. In this study, we delineated the effects of CA fumigation on rice roots (Oryza Sativa L cv. TNG67) under salinity stress (200 mM NaCl). Our result showed that CA vapor significantly alleviated salinity-induced ROS accumulation and cell death. This CA-induced alleviation appears to be mediated primarily by the upregulation of proline metabolism genes, the rapid proline accumulation, and the decrease of Na + /K + ratio as early as 3 h after NaCl treatment. Of note, the activities of peroxidase (POD; EC 1.11.1.7) isozymes a and b were decreased by CA fumigation, and the activities of catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6) and superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1) were not significantly affected. Our findings suggest that CA vapor might be useful for priming rice roots to withstand salinity stress, which is more prevalent due to the ongoing global climate change. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show modulation of macro-and micro-elements as well as antioxidative factors after CA fumigation of salinity-stressed rice roots. | INTRODUCTIONA major effect of the ongoing global climate change is an increasingly frequent occurrence of high salinity in agricultural contexts, which is expected to cause severe agricultural losses (Ondrasek et al., 2022). In soil, the most common form of salinity stress is high concentrations of sodium (Na + ) and chloride (Cl À ) (Ismail et al., 2014;Ondrasek et al., 2022), which reduces water uptake and leads to osmotic stress (deficit of water) in plants ( Upadhyaya et al., 2013). The entrance and accumulation of excess salt in plants may also cause ion imbalances with deleterious consequences (i.e., ionic stress). For example, due to direct competition between Na + and K + for the same transport channels on the plasma membrane, high levels of Na + interfere with K + uptake and result in low K + levels (Tester & Davenport, 2003;Yang & Guo, 2018). Sufficient levels of intracellular K + are required to activate around 60 enzymes and bind ribosomes with tRNAs for protein synthesis (Bhandal & Malik, 1988;Tester & Davenport, 2003). Consequently, deleterious effects of salinity-induced Na + /K + imbalance are expected to contribute to negative outcomes in the rice roots. Furthermore, salinity-induced osmotic and ionic stress lead to the accumulation of toxic compounds, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS). High levels of ROS (oxidative stress) cause cellular toxicity by Chung-Chih Huang and Yun-Ting Lee have contributed equally to this study.
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