Chemical modification of cotton cellulose in the fabric form was investigated through reaction with monochloro‐β‐cyclodextrin. The reaction involves single ended substitution and crosslinking. Investigations into the factors affecting these reactions occurring in the presence of N‐methylol compound (resin) and/or a reactive dye were undertaken. The treatment was carried out as per the conventional pad–thermofixation method.
Maize starch was subjected first to oxidation using H 2 O 2 in presence and absence of ferrous sulfate as catalyst and then to cationization using 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride. A thorough investigation of the chemical and rheological characteristics of the oxidized starch and oxidized-cationized starch samples was made. It was found that these modified starches display characteristics, which qualify them to function as excellent sizing agent and to less extent as thickeners for printing polyester fabric with disperse dyes. The differences among the oxidized samples prepared in acidic and alkaline media in presence and absence of ferrous sulfate with respect to carboxyl and carbonyl group content were explained on the basis of the different mechanisms involved in the oxidation reaction of starch. The amenability of the different oxidized starch samples to cationization and variation in the apparent viscosity after cationization of the oxidized starches were also reported.
Cotton fabric were first subjected to quaternization (cationization) reaction using 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride commercially known as Quat-188. Cationization was carried out under different conditions for optimization of the preparation of cationized cotton with different degrees of cationization, using the pad-batch method. Also, established was the optimal condition for cationization that involves Quat-188/ NaOH molar ratio 1/2 at 70°C for 4 h. Besides, a thorough investigation of factors affecting reaction of these cationized cotton with citric acid (CA) or 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) was carried out with a view of improving the ease of care characteristics of nonformaldehyde finishing.The dependence of fabric performance as measured by strength properties, dry wrinkle recovery angles, whiteness index, and dyeability with reactive dyes was also evaluated. It was postulated that reaction of cationized cotton with either CA or BTCA involves estercrosslinking as well as ionic crosslinking. This, indeed, was largely positively reflected on the fabric performance especially when the properties of both uncationized cotton were compared with those of the cationized cotton.
Paraffin wax emulsion is prepared by emulsifying paraffin wax (PW) in water using stearic acid (SA) and triethanolamine (TEA) emulsifying system. A mother emulsion is prepared at different concentrations of PW (10.5—19.1%w/w) and SA (4.5—13%w/w) neutralized to different extents by TEA (25—100% degree of neutralization). Upon treating 50/50 cotton/polyester fabric with a padding solution containing 50 g/L of different mother emulsions, its water repellency does not exceed the value of 50. Aluminum chloride proves to be the best deactivating agent of the hydrophilicity of the emulsifying agent among other salts including barium chloride, zinc sulfate, and aluminum sulfate. Optimum emulsion ingredients are found to be PW (10.5%w/w), SA (4.5% w/w), TEA (2.4% w/w, to attain full neutralization of SA), and SA/AlCl3 molar ratio (1/1). Treating the fabric with the deactivated emulsion results in enhancing its water repellency rating (up to 80), decreasing its surface roughness, and increasing its stiffness. A scanning electron micrograph of the treated fabric shows the deposition of the emulsified wax on the fabric surface. Treating the fabric with the emulsion in the presence of a fluorochemical finish, namely Nuva FB of Clariant, proves that the first can be used as an extender for the second. Raising the drying temperature to 160·C gives rise to a water-repellency rating of 100.
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