This addendum describes the theory, input file formatting, and application of a sparse vegetation evapotranspiration model for the Water-Air-Energy Operational Mode of the Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases (STOMP) numerical simulator. The STOMP simulator is a scientific tool for analyzing single and multi-fluid subsurface flow and transport. Its general use, input file formatting, compilation, and execution are described in a companion user's guide. A description of the simulator's governing equations, constitutive functions and, numerical solution algorithms are provided in a companion theory guide. The Water-Air-Energy Operational Mode (STOMP-WAE) solves the coupled conservation equations for water mass, air mass, and thermal energy transported over three phases: aqueous, gas, and soil matrix. This model operates in multiple dimensions. The evapotranspiration model is implemented as a boundary condition on the upper surface of the computational domain and has capabilities for modeling evaporation from bare surfaces as well as evapotranspiration from sparsely vegetated surfaces populated with multiple plant species. This mode is the barrier extension of the WAE mode and is designated as STOMP-WAE-B. Input for STOMP-WAE-B is specified via three input cards and includes the following: atmospheric conditions through the Atmospheric Conditions Card, time-invariant plant species data through the Plant Properties Card, and time varying plant species data through the Boundary Conditions Card. Two optional cards, the Observed Data and UCODE Control Cards, allow use of STOMP-W-I and STOMP-WAE-I, inverse operational modes of STOMP-W and STOMP-WAE, to estimate model parameters. In writing this addendum, it is assumed that the reader is a qualified user of the STOMP simulator who is familiar with the code and comprehends concepts and theories associated with multiple-phase hydrology, heat transfer, thermodynamics, relative permeability-saturation-capillary pressure constitutive relations, and, more importantly, the soil-vegetation-atmosphere continuum. The authors further assume that readers are familiar with the computing environment in which they plan to compile and execute the STOMP simulator. The STOMP simulator is written in the FORTRAN 77 and 90 languages, following the American National Standards Institute standards. The simulator uses a variable source code configuration, which allows the execution memory and speed to be tailored to the specific problem to be solved, and essentially requires that the source code be assembled and compiled through a software maintenance utility. The memory requirements for executing the simulator are dependent on the complexity of the physical system to be modeled and the size and dimensionality of the computational domain. Likewise, the execution speed depends on the problem complexity, the size and dimensionality of the computational domain, and the computer performance.
Currently, there are about half a million abandoned mine sites in the U.S. and an estimated 15,000 in New Mexico alone. Surface mining imposes severe ecological effects on the land because it not only alters the vegetation, soils, bedrock, and landforms, but also changes the surface hydrology, groundwater, and flow paths that ultimately result in degraded ecology and water quality. Two relatively new methodologies, fluvial geomorphic landform design and evapotranspiration (ET) waste covers, offer solutions to reclaim these sites for long-term, maintenance-free reclamation. GeoFluv TM is a specific geomorphic grading design method that uses natural analogues for post-mining landscapes and uses design input values taken from stable natural landscapes to make a reclamation design that provides hydrological function, supports ecosystem integrity, and is cost-effective, sustainable, and more visually attractive. It has documented ability to produce surface runoff water quality at least equal to adjacent undisturbed lands and has been used for disturbed lands, including active and abandoned mine sites. Surface ET covers have been used to manage the subsurface hydrology above landfills, waste sites, and mine lands. ET covers protect the underlying materials against erosion, provide a medium for vegetation growth, store precipitation within the cover, and release the stored water into atmosphere so that the infiltration of precipitation is minimized. A conceptual design study is carried out based on an actual, typical abandoned mine site near Raton, New Mexico, to which common problem conditions at abandoned mine sites are assumed. The purpose of this study is to present the concept that covers can be designed by integrating two remediation technologies (geomorphic grading and ET cover) as a geomorphic ET (GET) cover to improve performance. The overall shape of the GET cover can mimic the natural topography of the surrounding area, while the thickness and layering of the cover can be optimized for best vegetation growth and infiltration control. The application of GET cover technology on mine land is expected to substantially improve the reclamation effects by coupling the benefits of the geomorphic cover (drainage reduction, runoff management, vegetation diversity) with the benefits of ET covers (vegetation growth and sustainability, percolation reduction, protection of surface and groundwater). Additional
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