Due to the spur increase in the number and scale of invasions over the past few decades, the study of this problem has become a matter of environmental and economic security in many countries, including Russia and the territory of the Crimea. The Crimean Peninsula, located in the south of Eastern Europe, is one of the centers of plant diversity. Special attention should be paid to invasive species that can actively introduce themselves into both anthropogenic and natural phytocenoses. The article deals with the problem of introduction of invasive species to the Protected Areas of the Mountainous Crimea: Yalta Mountain Forest Nature Reserve, Nacional Park “Krymsky”, Karadagsky Nature Reserve and Nature Park “Cape Martyan”. The most common and dangerous species for the ecosystems of the Protected Areas were identified ( Ailanthus altissima, Berberis aquifolium, Bupleurum fruticosum, Clematis flammula, Daphne laureola, Fraxinus ornus, Jacobae maritima, Opuntia humifusa, O. engelmannii var. lindheimeri, O. phaeacantha, Quercus ilex, Rhamnus alaternus ) on the based of floristic, phytocenotic and other studies. A comprehensive analysis of the current state was carried out and new data were obtained on the distribution, phytocenotic, biotopic allocation and other features of these species in the conditions of the native and outside its native distributional. It was found that invasive species that pose a threat to the ecosystems of four Protected Areas of the Mountainous Crimea were found in different types of biotopes belonging to 4 groups and 16 subgroups identified according to the EUNIS classification of biotopes: coastal marine (B1.33, B2.13, B3.1, B3.3324); herbaceous communities (E1.3, E1.33, E1. 4); tree and shrub communities of temperate and Mediterranean regions (F3.246, F5.16, F5.3, F6.8), forest communities (G1.22, G1.7, G2.2, G3.5, G4.B). These species grow in communities belonging to 10 classes, allocated according to the ecological and floral classification of Braun-Blanquet: Asplenietea trichomanis, Carpino-Fagetea sylvaticae, Crithmo-Staticetea, Cymbalario-Parietarietea diffusae, Drypidetea spinosae, Erico-Pinetea, Lygeo sparti-Stipetea tenacissimae, Ononido-Rosmarinetea, Pegano harmalae-Salsoletea vermiculatae, Quercetea pubescentis . The most invasive are the communities of unions Jasmino fruticantis-Juniperion excelsae, Elytrigio nodosae-Quercion pubescentis (class Quercetea pubescentis ), Elytrigio bessarabicae-Lactucion tataricae (class Crithmo-Staticetea ).
Приведены сведения о фитоценотическом разнообразии сообществ с участием Daphne laureola в нативном ареале – в Европе, Юго-Западной Азии, Северной Африке и Средиземноморском регионе, – а также данные о распространении и натурализации вида в Евразии, Северной Америке, Австралии, Новой Зеландии. Daphne laureola во многих регионах имеет статус натурализовавшегося и инвазионного вида, так как встречается как в антропогенно нарушенных, так и в природных сообществах. Натурализовавшиеся растения в Горном Крыму отмечаются на высоте от 50 до 650 м н.у.м. в лесных и лесопарковых сообществах, относящихся согласно эколого-флористической классификации Браун-Бланке к трем классам – Quercetea pubescentis, Erico-Pinetea, Carpino-Fagetea sylvaticae. На Южном берегу Крыма Daphne laureola является инвазионным видом со статусом 2, так как самовозобновляется не только в лесопарковых насаждениях, которые по составу близки к сообществам порядка Querco-Cedretalia atlanticae, но и в полуприродных и естественных лесных сообществах, относящихся к двум классам растительности. На особо охраняемых природных территориях Южного берега Крыма (в природном заповеднике «Ялтинский горно-лесной» и природном парке «Мыс Мартьян») вид предпочитает смешанные леса, относящиеся к классам Quercetea pubescentis, Erico-Pinetea. Наибольшие по численности и полноте ценопопуляции выявлены в среднем лесном поясе на высоте 300–400 м н.у.м. в крымскососново-грабово-дубовых и дубово-грабово-кизиловых лесах с участием Juniperus deltoides союза Pinion pallasianae, в которых проективное покрытие Daphne laureola достигает 30–50 %. В нижнем лесном поясе до высоты 250 м н.у.м. растения Daphne laureola с обилием до 10–30 % отмечаются в основном по днищам балок, оврагам в составе субсредиземноморских гемиксерофильных пушисто-дубово-грабинниковых сообществ, в том числе с участием Juniperus excelsa, J. deltoides, относящихся к союзу Carpino orientalis-Quercion pubescentis.
At the present stage of development of the economies of different states, the problem of biological invasions is considered one of the top-priorities. A special place among the different areas of research of biological invasions is occupied by the study of the most aggressive and dangerous alien plants in Protected Areas, as they pose a threat to the conservation of ecosystems and their biodiversity. The paper provides information on the phytocenotic diversity of communities with Berberis aquifolium Purch in native - in North America, as well as data on the distribution and degree of naturalization of the species in Eurasia, Australia, and New Zealand. It is established that Mahonia in many regions has the status of an invasive species, it is found both in anthropogenic disturbed and in natural communities, inhabiting a wide range of ecotopes (forest parks, meadows, forests, coastal dunes, etc.). On the Southern Coast of the Crimea, communities with Berberis aquifolium Purch were identified in forest park stands, as well as in coniferous and mixed forests, which belong to the classes Erico-Pinetea, Quercetea pubescentis according to the Braun-Blanquet classification. Preliminary data on the invasion of the species in the natural communities of two Protected Areas (PAs) - "Yalta Mountain Forest" and "Cape Martyan" are presented. The species is most widespread at altitudes from 200 to 400 m above sea level in pine, oak-hornbeam-pine and oak-pine forests belonging to the class Erico-Pinetea . In the lower forest belt at an altitude of up to 200 m above sea level, it is found in the pubescent oak-hornbeam and ash-oak-dogwood communities with Juniperus excelsa , J. deltoides , and Pinus pallasianae , which are part of the class Quercetea pubescentis .
The verified list based on published reports and our own data and brief information on 78 alien plant species of the Yalta Mountain Forest Nature Reserve are given. The recently revealed plant species are represented. The transformation rate of the vegetation in the protected area is evaluated on the basis of the analysis of the structure and dynamics of the adventive fraction. The species grouped accoding to the period of plant introduction, naturalization rate, and original range.
Small mammals of Slobozhanskyi National Nature Park and its vicinities (Ukraine). -Z. Bondarenko, N. Brusentsova, G. Tkach. -Slobozhanskyi National Nature Park (Krasnokutsk District, Kharkiv Region, Ukraine) is represented by forest ecosystems and areas of forest marshes and swamp alders. Slobozhanskyi National Nature Park is adjacent to the floodplains of the Merla and Merchik rivers (Dnipro river basin). Studies of small mammals were conducted in 2004, 2008, 2011 and 2013-2018 in different biotopes. The data were collected using different types of traps, observation of animals in nature, fixation the traces of their vital activity, analysis of owl pellets, and surveys of the park's staff and locals. Currently, 19 species of small mammals were identified for Slobozhanskyi National Nature Park and its surroundings, including 5 insectivorous and 14 rodent species. The number of species recorded in the study area is less than that for Kharkiv region (25 species) and for the two other national nature parks located in Kharkiv region (22 species in Dvorichanskyi NNP, 23 species in Gomilshanski Lisy NNP). In total, 12 species of small mammals were caught by traps (4 insectivorous and 8 rodent species). Forest and eurytopic species such as Talpa europaea, Sorex araneus, Sorex minutus, Myodes glareolus, Sylvaemus sylvaticus/uralensis, Sylvaemus tauricus are the most widespread and abundant in Slobozhanskyi National Nature Park and its surrounding territories. Myodes glareolus is dominant in almost all biotopes except for floodplains. The typical meadow and steppe species Cricetulus migratorius and Alexandromys oeconomus are rare in Slobozhanskyi National Nature Park. Cricetulus migratorius is known only by bone remains from pellets of the tawny owl. Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus occur near human settlements in the study area. The highest species richness of small mammals (11 species) is found in the floodplain. This can be explained by the specific conditions of the drained floodplain with trees and shrubs along reclamation channels. According to the research, the smallest number of species (3-4 species) was recorded in young pine plantations. K e y w o r d s : mammal fauna, small mammals, rodents, insectivores, Slobozhanskyi National Nature Park.
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