We investigated a method to quantify field-state wheat RSA in a phenotyping way, depicting the 3D topology of wheat RSA in 14d periods. The phenotyping procedure, proposed for understanding the spatio-temporal variations of root-soil interaction and the RSA dynamics in the field, is realized with a set of indices of mm scale precision, illustrating the gradients of both wheat root angle and elongation rate along soil depth, as well as the foraging potential along the side directions. The 70d was identified as the shifting point distinguishing the linear root length elongation from power-law development. Root vertical angle in the 40 mm surface soil layer was the largest, but steadily decreased along the soil depth. After 98d, larger root vertical angle appeared in the deep soil layers. PAC revealed a stable root foraging potential in the 0–70d period, which increased rapidly afterwards (70–112d). Root foraging potential, explained by MaxW/MaxD ratio, revealed an enhanced gravitropism in 14d period. No-till post-paddy wheat RLD decreased exponentially in both depth and circular directions, with 90% roots concentrated within the top 20 cm soil layer. RER along soil depth was either positive or negative, depending on specific soil layers and the sampling time.

The article presents basic data on propane-butane LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas): the structure of the LPG market in Poland, the origin and composition. Discusses differences in the requirements, depending on the use of LPG: for heating purposes and as a fuel for vehicles. Presents Polish national standards for LPG: PN-C-96008:1998 Przetwory naftowe -Gazy węglowodorowe -Gazy skroplone C 3 -C 4 , PN-C-96000:1982 Przetwory naftowe -Gazy węglowodorowe -Gazy skroplone C 3 -C 4 also international standards ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and foreign national standards BS (British Standard) and DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung). Presents the work on European standard EN 589 Automotive fuels -LPG -Requirements and test methods in the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) being carried out within Work Group CEN/TC19/WG23 Specification of automotive LPG and related test metods well as work on its Polish version PN-EN 589 + A1:2012 Paliwa do pojazdów samochodowych -LPG -Wymagania i metody badań in the Polish Committee for Standardization (PKN) within the Subcommittee PKN/KT222/PK1 Liquid fuels. A detailed analysis of the changes introduced in the last version of EN 589:2008 + A1:2012 Automotive fuels -LPG -Requirements and test methods relating to EN 589:2008 particularly verification of quality parameters and changes in the referenced test methods standards is presented. The importance of European and national standardization for the quality of the LPG used to power modern engines is highlighted.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

This work presents the investigation of the influence of repeated passes of medium-weight tractors with single wheels and additional wheels on the soil density to the depth of 0.4 m. The experiments were carried out in the Greater Poland Region (Poland), on light soil (Luvisol, loamy sand). The soil density was analysed in the arable layer at the two depths of 0.08–0.12 m and 0.18–0.22 m and in the plough pan at a depth of 0.30–0.34 m. The tractors weighing 52.1, 62.8 and 71.8 kN equipped with single wheels (standard wheels) and tractors weighing 52.1 and 71.8 kN equipped with additional wheels were used in the experiments. The research proved that repeated passes of the tractors with standard and addition wheels caused a linear or non-linear (logarithmic) increase in the soil density in the arable layer. Only light tractor 52.1 kN with dual wheels caused soil density increase in the hard pen. The above soil density changes inconsistent depend on the weight tractors and mean tractor pressure. Repeated passes of tractors with additional wheels resulted in lower soil density in the arable layer especially by second and third pass. A larger number of passes of middle-weight tractors with standard wheels as well with additional wheels increases the risk of reduced yield of cultivated plants.

W artykule przedstawiono podstawowe informacje dotyczące normalizacji przetworów naftowych i biopaliw w Polsce w powiązaniu z normalizacją międzynarodową i europejską. Omówiono główne zasady uczestnictwa krajowej jednostki normalizacyjnej, jaką w Polsce jest Polski Komitet Normalizacyjny (PKN), w pracach normalizacyjnych Europejskiego Komitetu Normalizacyjnego (CEN) i Międzynarodowej Organizacji Normalizacyjnej (ISO). Przedstawiono organy techniczne krajowej jednostki normalizacyjnej, w których zakresie tematycznym znajduje się normalizacja przetworów naftowych: Komitet Techniczny 222 ds. Przetworów Naftowych i Cieczy Eksploatacyjnych oraz Podkomitet KT 222/PK 1 ds. Paliw Płynnych, Podkomitet KT 222/PK 2 ds. Asfaltów, Podkomitet KT 222/PK 3 ds. Olejów Smarowych, funkcjonujące zgodnie z wprowadzonymi w 2012 roku zmianami w procedurach PKN. Przedstawiono ogólne informacje dotyczące prac grup roboczych (WG) działających w komitetach technicznych CEN/TC, do których jako eksperci delegowani są, między innymi, specjaliści Instytutu Nafty i Gazu-Państwowego Instytutu Badawczego (INiG-PIB), funkcjonujących w ramach komitetu technicznego CEN/TC 19 Gaseous and liquid fuels, lubricants and related products of petroleum, synthetic and biological origin: CEN/TC 19/WG 9 Chromatographic test method, CEN/TC 19/WG 21 Specification for unleaded petrol, CEN/ TC 19/ WG 23 Specification of automotive LPG and related test method, CEN/TC 19/WG 24 Specification of distillate fuels, CEN/TC 19/WG 27 Elemental analysis of petroleum and related products. Podano również informacje dotyczące Komitetu Technicznego PKN KT 144 ds. Koksu i Przetworzonych Paliw Stałych, działającego w obszarze tematyki CEN/TC 383 Sustainably produced biomass for energy applications i grupy roboczej CEN/TC 383/WG 3 Biodiversity and environmental aspects, oraz KT 319 ds. Produktów Biobazowych, obejmującego tematykę CEN/TC 411 Bio-based products.