Background Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is recognized as a risk stage for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other dementias, but its prevalence is not well known. We aimed to use uniform criteria to better estimate SCD prevalence across international cohorts. Methods We combined individual participant data for 16 cohorts from 15 countries (members of the COSMIC consortium) and used qualitative and quantitative (Item Response Theory/IRT) harmonization techniques to estimate SCD prevalence. Results The sample comprised 39,387 cognitively unimpaired individuals above age 60. The prevalence of SCD across studies was around one quarter with both qualitative harmonization/QH (23.8%, 95%CI = 23.3–24.4%) and IRT (25.6%, 95%CI = 25.1–26.1%); however, prevalence estimates varied largely between studies (QH 6.1%, 95%CI = 5.1–7.0%, to 52.7%, 95%CI = 47.4–58.0%; IRT: 7.8%, 95%CI = 6.8–8.9%, to 52.7%, 95%CI = 47.4–58.0%). Across studies, SCD prevalence was higher in men than women, in lower levels of education, in Asian and Black African people compared to White people, in lower- and middle-income countries compared to high-income countries, and in studies conducted in later decades. Conclusions SCD is frequent in old age. Having a quarter of older individuals with SCD warrants further investigation of its significance, as a risk stage for AD and other dementias, and of ways to help individuals with SCD who seek medical advice. Moreover, a standardized instrument to measure SCD is needed to overcome the measurement variability currently dominant in the field.

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Tempeh consumption has been linked to the improvement of cognitive function in older people. However, to what extent the amount of microorganism or the size of tempeh serving consumed per day influences the benefit to cognitive functions has not yet been studied. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This experimental study involved a total of 90 respondents, who were divided into 3 groups: group A (consuming 100 g of Tempeh A/day), group B (consuming 100 g of Tempeh B/day), and group C (control). Intervention was given for 6 months. Cognitive assessments were done before and after the intervention. Blood uric acid level was checked at the end of intervention to examine the effect of tempeh consumption on this. The inclusion criteria were respondents aged 60 years or over with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) who agreed not to consume other fermented food during the study period. Respondents with diabetes were excluded. <b><i>Results:</i></b> There were 84 subjects at the end of the study, majority being female (71.4%) and aged over 65 years (72.6%). An increase in global cognitive scores was found in both groups A and B. The increase in language domain scores was found only in group A. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Both Tempeh A or Tempeh B consumption for 6 months appeared to be beneficial in improving global cognitive function of older people with MCI. Consuming Tempeh A, which had a lower number of microorganisms, was also associated with an improvement in the language domain.

IntroductionOral consumption of probiotics can alter Gut Microbiota by causing changes in the production of probiotic derivatives. Therefore, by utilizing Gut-Brain-Axis (GBA), probiotics could provide an opportunity for central nervous system (CNS) modulation, including cognitive function. Tempeh is a traditional Indonesian food rich in probiotics and beneficial for cognitive function. However, the type of probiotics that play a role in cognitive improvement and the number of probiotics needed for the benefits of increasing cognitive function was unknown.MethodThis experimental study involved a total of 93 subjects, divided into 3 groups: A, B and C/control (n: 33, 32, and 28), who were provided with probiotic supplementation isolated from tempeh for 12 weeks intervention. Inclusion criteria were age &gt; 60 years, and memory impairment with the third repetition value of Word List Memory Immediate Recall (WLMIR) &lt; 7. Subjects with diabetes were excluded. Cognitive function examinations were carried out before and after treatment. The tempeh-derived probiotics were prepared trough several processes. Genomic isolation, detection of GABA-encoding genes, and species identification using the 16S-rRNA gene encoding were performed.ResultsThe probiotics isolate used in the intervention was identified as Limosilactobacillus fermentum. We assigned this isolate as L. fermentum A2.8. The presence of the gene encoding GABA was found on this isolate. There was an increase in the cognitive domains of memory, learning process, and verbal fluency (p &lt; 0.05) in group A (probiotics at concentration of 108 CFU/mL). Memory function, visuospatial, and verbal fluency improved (p &lt; 0.05) in group B (probiotics at concentration of 107 CFU/mL). Only an increase in the memory domain was observed in the control group. Improvement of the learning process occurred only in group A (p = 0.006).ConclusionAdministration of probiotics derived from L. fermentum A2.8 increased the cognitive domains of memory, language and visuospatial function. However, probiotic supplementation at a concentration of 108 CFU/mL was better in improving the learning process. This study succeeded in detecting Lactic Acid Bacterial isolates L. fermentum A2.8 that enclosed gene encoding glutamate decarboxylase (gad) which is involved in the synthesis of -aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter vital for cognitive function.

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Tujuan Mendapatkan gambaran pengaruh air oksigen terhadap diabetes mellitus. Metode Penelitian ini menggunakan disain uji klinik acak tersamar ganda, dengan 108 subyek diabetes mellitus. Setiap kelompok dibagi secara acak menjadi 2 sub kelompok. Satu subkelompok diberikan air oksigen dan subkelompok lain diberikan bukan air oksigen dalam 2 tahap intervensi, 45 hari dan 90 hari. Variabel yang diukur adalah kadar gula darah dan malondialdehyde (MDA) dengan pengendalian enam faktor perancu : jenis kelamin, umur, merokok, olah raga, konsumsi vitamin dan status gizi. Hasil Didapatkan bahwa konsumsi air oksigen selama 90 hari, dapat menurunkan kadar gula darah postprandial pada subyek diabetes mellitus. Kadar MDA pada subyek diabetes mellitus dengan status gizi normal, cenderung menurun pada subyek yang mengkonsumsi air oksigen selama 45 hari. Sebagian besar subyek merasa lebih sehat dan lebih segar setelah mengkonsumsi air oksigen. Kesimpulan Air oksigen dapat meningkatkan proses penyembuhan subyek dengan diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUNDApproximately 10-27% of the population aged >65 years suffers from frailty. The percentage increases with age so that the prevalence of frailty in the population aged >85 years reaches 45%. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between frailty and quality of life (QOL) in nursing home elderly.

Aim: Early prediction using cognitive evaluation tools that are less influenced by education level is beneficial for dementia screening. This study investigated the relationship between Word List Memory Immediate Recall (WLM IR) and the Saving Score (SS) with having the APOE ε4 risk allele in the elderly with normal global cognitive assessment. Methods: A cross-sectional study on 105 subjects ≥60 years with normal MMSE scores who met inclusion criteria. Memory impairment (MI) if: WLM IR score on the third trial <8 or an SS score <80%. Results: The majority of the subjects were female (68.6%), 65 ± 7.1 years, had undertaken formal education for <6 years (56.2%), had MI (81%), and the APOE ε4 genotype was detected in 24.8% of subjects. There was a significant relationship between APOE ε4 and lower WLMIR (p = 0.02, OR 7.92, CI 95% (1.00–62.38)). Conclusions: WLM IR score is lower in elderly people with the APOE ε4 despite their normal global cognitive assessment results, and these scores were not influenced by education level. Further research needs to confirm that the WLM IR can be used to screen for early dementia.

Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is recognized as a risk stage for Alzheimer`s disease (AD) and other dementias, but its prevalence is not well known. We aimed to use uniform criteria to better estimate SCD prevalence across international cohorts. Therefore, we combined individual participant data for 16 cohorts from 15 countries (members of the COSMIC consortium) and used qualitative and quantitative (Item Response Theory/IRT) harmonization techniques to estimate SCD prevalence. The sample comprised 39,387 cognitively unimpaired individuals above age 60. The prevalence of SCD across studies was around one quarter with both qualitative harmonization/QH (23.8%, 95%CI=23.3%-24.4%) and IRT (25.6%, 95%CI=25.1%-26.1%); however, prevalence estimates varied largely between studies (QH: 6.1%, 95%CI=5.1%-7.0%, to 52.7%, 95%CI=47.4%-58.0%; IRT: 7.8%, 95%%CI=6.8%-8.9%, to 52.7%, 95%CI = 47.4%-58.0%). Across studies, SCD prevalence was higher in men than women, in lower levels of education, in individuals with Asian and African ancestry compared to European ancestry, in lower- and middle-income countries compared to high-income countries, and in studies conducted in later decades. Data harmonization and application of uniform criteria across diverse cohorts yielded more accurate estimates of SCD prevalence. Having a quarter of older individuals with SCD warrants further investigation of its significance, as a risk stage for AD and other dementias, and of ways to help individuals with SCD who seek medical advice.