The variance of replicate marine and freshwater zooplankton samples is related (r2 > 0.99) to the mean population density and the volume of the sample taken. A general variance relationship calculated from 1,189 sets of replicate samples taken throughout the world is presented. This function can predict the variance of both marine and freshwater samples taken with several types of sampling gear. Only 12% of individual taxa examined showed variance relationships that departed significantly from this general function. The variance function shows how the requisite number of samples decreases with increased population density, sampler volume, and lowered precision requirements. The X0.2power transformation is recommended on empirical grounds, although caution is advised in the use of all data transformations.
L’article constitue une synthèse de l’apport des immigrants français aux francophonies canadiennes en s’appuyant sur les études existantes et sur quelques sources imprimées. Si l’impact démographique des immigrants français n’est pas très grand, leur apport à la vitalité culturelle des communautés francophones n’en est pas moins capital, puisqu’ils occupent une place centrale dans certaines sphères, notamment la religion, l’éducation et les arts. Toutefois, la présence de ces immigrants contribue à la fragmentation des francophonies, puisque les tensions et les conflits entre Français et Canadiens français sont nombreux.This article draws on existing studies and some published primary sources to report on the contribution of French immigrants to Francophone communities in Canada. Although French immigrants’ demographic impact is limited, their contribution to the cultural vitality of Francophone communities is central—they have occupied an important place in certain fields, notably religion, education and the arts. However, their presence also contributed to the fragmentation of Francophone communities, since there has frequently been tension and conflict between the French immigrants and French Canadians
In this critical commentary on the political uses of memory in contemporary Canada, the author examines the conscription of the Canadian past by the Harper government since it came to power in 2006. He shows how the conservatives’ reconstruction of the nation’s past serves their broader project of reconstructing the nation tout court. Moreover, he presents the various strategies they have deployed to remake Canada’s history in their own image: the increased emphasis on military history and on the ties that bind Canadians to the monarchy; the endeavour to cast the War of 1812 and the First World War as foundational events in the making of modern Canada; the creation of the Canadian Museum of History. The author also discusses the dismantling of Library and Archives Canada, the main repository of the nation’s memory.
Dans ce commentaire critique sur les usages politiques de la mémoire dans le Canada contemporain, l’auteur se penche sur l’embrigadement du passé canadien par le gouvernement de Stephen Harper, depuis son accession au pouvoir en 2006. Il montre comment la reconstruction du passé de la nation s’inscrit dans la volonté refondatrice des conservateurs et il présente les stratégies déployées par ces derniers pour refaire l’histoire du Canada à leur image : mise en exergue des liens unissant les Canadiens à la monarchie et de l’histoire militaire, tentative de faire de la Guerre de 1812 et de la Première Guerre mondiale des événements fondateurs du Canada moderne, création du Musée canadien de l’histoire. En parallèle, l’auteur présente le démantèlement dont est victime Bibliothèque et Archives Canada, le principal dépositaire de la mémoire canadienne.
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