To remove high oxygen content is important to make high quality oil and valuable products. In this paper, the research on homogeneous catalytic deoxygenation reactions, including decarboxylation (DCX)/decarbonylation (DCN), hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is reviewed. Based on DCX/DCN, the classic radical reactions such as the Barton decarboxylation, Henkel, Hunsdiecker and Kochi reactions were introduced, the practice and overall performance are also discussed. In addition, the different reaction pathways and mechanisms were demonstrated and the key chemical processes have been selected from the literature as examples to elaborate the critical emphasis on the mechanistic understanding. The applications of the catalytic deoxygenation reactions for highvalue products have also been highlighted. Overall, this review provides insight discussions on the DO issues and progresses in homogeneous catalytic aspects.
This paper describes a fluorometric assay for the determination of carbendazim (CBZ) in aqueous samples based on an unmodified CBZ-specific aptamer and the fluorescent intercalator SYBR Green I (SG-I). The CBZ aptamer has double-stranded parts and G-quadruplex spatial structures, which can be recognized by SG-I. It leads to strong fluorescent emission of SG-I. In the presence of CBZ, the aptamer will bind to CBZ to form stable compounds due to its specific affinity. This will induce the conformational change of the aptamer. SG-I will then detach from the aptamer, leading to the decrease of its fluorescence. Therefore, the concentration of CBZ is determined through the changes in fluorescence of the system. This fluorometric biosensor for CBZ detection is constructed with a linear range from 3.58 to 230 nM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.58 nM. With great sensitivity and selectivity, this assay is efficient and convenient with a < 40 min operation time. Meanwhile, the average recovery of CBZ is 99.87–101.77% in the application of actual water samples with relative standard deviations (RSD) ranging from 1.97 to 2.63%.
A cDNA encoding a novel cysteine proteinase inhibitor (CPI) was isolated from a gland mutant Xiangmian-18 of upland cotton during the pigments gland forming stage. The cDNA comprises 378 bp and encodes 125 amino acid residues with molecular mass of 13.8 kDa. It contains the conserved motif of cysteine protease inhibitors and belongs to the cystatin superfamily (GlnVal-Val-Ala-Gly). The deduced amino acid sequences of the domains are highly similar to the normal upland cotton (96.8%). SDS-PAGE and western hybridization analysis showed that the expressed recombinant protein was recombinant CPI. The inhibitory activity of recombinant CPI was 46 u/μg which was measured by inhibiting the protease activity of papain. RT-PCR results indicated that the expression level of developing gland stage was higher than that of undeveloped gland stage.
Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) have important impacts on growth, development, flowering, metabolism and response to stress. Studies indicate that post-transcriptional processes are important for regulating gene expression during development. However, we still have very limited knowledge on the regulatory mechanisms associated with this process. In particular, the function of miRNAs during gland morphogenesis in cotton remains unknown. In this study, we used the Affymetrix GeneChip miRNA Array (v11.0-ther Species) and quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR (qRT-PCR) to identify additional microRNAs during gland morphogenesis of near-isogenic lines in upland cotton. The results showed that 30 miRNAs were differentially expressed: 24 up-regulated (miR156, miR157, miR166 and miR390 families) and six down-regulated (miR149, miR169, miR289, miR705, miR1224 and miR1227 families). Some microRNAs, such as ghb-miR169a_st and ghr-miR166b_st, were confirmed by qRT-PCR assays. There was no significant difference in miRNA levels between the microarray and qRT-PCR. Analysis of the transcript data for some miRNA target genes indicated that they play an important role in the pathogenesis and development of gland morphogenesis. In summary, our results showed that some known miRNAs were expressed in the gland of upland cotton, and most of them were of low abundance. This data may be useful in future studies associated with gland control involved in the terpenoid aldehyde biosynthesis pathway, genetic engineering and molecular breeding of cotton.
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