The nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)–like receptors 1 and 2 (NOD1/2) are intracellular pattern-recognition proteins that activate immune signaling pathways in response to peptidoglycans associated with microorganisms. Recruitment to bacteria-containing endosomes and other intracellular membranes is required for NOD1/2 signaling, and NOD1/2 mutations that disrupt membrane localization are associated with inflammatory bowel disease and other inflammatory conditions. However, little is known about this recruitment process. We found that NOD1/2 S-palmitoylation is required for membrane recruitment and immune signaling. ZDHHC5 was identified as the palmitoyltransferase responsible for this critical posttranslational modification, and several disease-associated mutations in NOD2 were found to be associated with defective S-palmitoylation. Thus, ZDHHC5-mediated S-palmitoylation of NOD1/2 is critical for their ability to respond to peptidoglycans and to mount an effective immune response.

Acacia crassicarpa (Fabaceae), a nitrogen-fixing tree species, is critically important for coastal protection in southeast China. In this study, we report the complete chloroplast genome sequence of A. crassicarpa, with a length of 176,493 bp. It contains a pair of inverted repeats (IR 39,851 bp), a large single-copy region (LSC 91,869 bp), and a small single-copy region (SSC 4,922 bp). The complete genome comprises 138 genes, including 93 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA, and 8 rRNA genes. Our phylogenetic analysis reveals that A. crassicarpa is closely related to A. podalyriifolia and A. dealbata.

Under the background of moral education, how to integrate moral education and knowledge teaching skillfully in a college English course but not separately and deliberately? And how to teach effectively and to change a passive involvement situation in college English classes? In order to solve these problems, this study designs college English course with China English according to each unit topic so as to cultivate as well as to teach. Adopting a comparison method, this paper designs college English teaching from the following aspects: reconstructs teaching contents with China English, adopts a BOPPPS teaching model to improve teaching method and reforms teaching evaluations with value assessment. Then it draws the conclusions that China English expressions can be used as breakthrough points to combine moral education with knowledge teaching and the BOPPPS teaching model, which focuses on students' participation in classes, could improve effective teaching and should be promoted aggressively.

This paper analyzes the theoretical function, practical situation, unique advantages and transformation direction of traditional board writing in teaching. It suggested three design paths of possible board writing under new teaching mode: 1) to build a cognitive scaffolding; 2) to form a comprehensive learning guide; 3) to construct an interactive scroll between teacher and students.