There is nearly a century of history behind radiotherapy (RT), which has evolved from discovery to widespread use in clinically significant tumors. Currently, with an estimated 50% of cancer patients receiving RT, radioactive rays such as X-rays are commonly used to weaken the viability of tumor cells before surgery and facilitate radical cure after tumor resection, potentially lowering the risk of cancer recurrence and metastasis. 1 The damage effects of radiation are accomplished by ionizing reactions and initiating biochemical responses in the body, which occur first in the cell, the nucleus, and then causes necrosis and apoptosis. The cellular response to radiation is separated into physical, chemical, and biological reaction stages. This is followed by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which contributes to the chemical changes in DNA materials in the nucleus including base destruction, enzyme damage, single-stranded and double-stranded
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.