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The pyrolysis characteristic of bituminous coal (BC) and raw cornstalk (RC) were investigated through thermogravimetric analysis from environment temperature to 900 °C with 5, 15 and 25 °C/min. The distributed activation energy model (DAEM) was applied to estimate the kinetic parameters of samples. The average activation energy (E a) of BC, RC and the blended sample (mBC/mRC=6/4) were 304.56, 207.77 and 226.26 kJ/mol, respectively. The heat energies of the experiment to be needed was lower than that of calculation during co-pyrolysis, comparing with the theoretical calculation E a. To further researcher the thermal behavior during co-pyrolysis, the closeness of change in Enthalpy (ΔH) values vs. E a values for the blend indicated that activated complex formation may be favored because of lower potential energy barrier. Moreover, Gibbs free energy (ΔG) for the blend varied from 108.40 to 275.93 kJ/mol, the pyrolysis process was converted to disordered-state from ordered-state, considering the changes of Entropies (ΔS) loss.

Four populations of charophytes (including three species), Chara inconnexa T. F. Allen (populations 1 and 2), C. vulgaris L., and Nitellopsis obtusa (Desv.) J. Groves, were studied for effective chemicals as oviposition deterrents of Culex pipiens pallens. The charophyte volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were retained in Tenax GR, subsequently desorbed using a thermal desorption cold trap injector (TCT), and analyzed by gas chromatography ⁄ mass spectrometry (GC ⁄ MS) to elucidate that charophytes have repellent properties. C. inconnexa (1) and C. inconnexa (2) exhibited strong repellent activities, and C. vulgaris showed some repellent activity against C. pipiens pallens with terpenes and benzothiazole playing major roles, while N. obtusa lacked those compounds and did not have an effect. These results suggest that charophytes have potential application as pesticides, but there are interspecific differences. In addition, benzene hydrocarbons were among the volatiles in Chara but not in N. obtusa, implying that some charophytes could be used to absorb these compounds.