This paper studies the RSU deployment problem in a 2-D urban or suburban road scenario of a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). To optimize RSU deployment, we introduce the notion of centrality in a social network to RSU deployment, and use it to measure the importance of an RSU position candidate in RSU deployment. Based on the notion of centrality, we propose a centrality-based RSU deployment approach and formulate the RSU deployment problem as a linear programing problem with the objective to maximize the total centrality of all position candidates selected for RSU deployment under the constraint of a given deployment budget. To solve the formulated problem, we analogize the problem to a 0-1 Knapsack problem and thus employ a 0-1 Knapsack algorithm to solve the problem. In the analogy, the budget in the RSU deployment problem is analogous to the bag's capacity in the Knapsack problem, the cost of deploying an RSU is analogous to an item's weight, and the centrality of a position candidate is analogous to an item's value. Simulation results show that the proposed centrality-based deployment approach can effectively improve the efficiency of the RSU deployment in terms of the coverage time ratio as compared to a random deployment approach.
The facile modification of the ligands
in organometallic Ru(II)–arene
complexes offers more opportunities to optimize their pharmacological
profiles. Herein, three Ru(II)–arene complexes containing a
glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitor (NBDHEX)
in chelate ligand have been designed and synthesized in this study.
In vitro results indicated that the ligation with NBDHEX significantly
increased the activities and selectivities of the organometallic Ru(II)–arene
complexes against tumor cells, especially complex 3,
which was the most active compound among the tested compounds. DFT
calculations and hydrolysis results demonstrated that complex 3 with more alkyl groups in the arene ligand has increased
electron density at the Ru(II) center as compared with complexes 1 and 2, thus resulting in the improved hydrolysis
rate, which may be responsible for its higher anticancer activity.
Further studies showed that complexes 1–3 can cause the loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential
and upregulate the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in A549 cells, suggesting
that complexes 1–3-induced cell death
may be mediated via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Thus, these
findings suggested that simultaneous modification of the chelate ligands
and arene rings in the organometallic Ru(II)–arene complexes
is an effective way to improve their pharmacological properties.
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