BackgroundUnderstanding the role of communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in agricultural systems is imperative for enhancing crop production. The key variables influencing change in AMF communities are the type of cover crop species or the type of subsequent host crop species. However, how maize and soybean performance is related to the diversity of AMF communities in cover cropping systems remains unclear. We therefore investigated which cover cropping or host identity is the most important factor in shaping AMF community structure in subsequent crop roots using an Illumina Miseq platform amplicon sequencing.MethodsIn this study, we established three cover crop systems (Italian ryegrass, hairy vetch, and brown mustard) or bare fallow prior to planting maize and soybean as cash crops. After cover cropping, we divided the cover crop experimental plots into two subsequent crop plots (maize and soybean) to understand which cover cropping or host crop identity is an important factor for determining the AMF communities and diversity both in maize and soybeans.ResultsWe found that most of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in root samples were common in both maize and soybean, and the proportion of common generalists in this experiment for maize and soybean roots was 79.5% according to the multinomial species classification method (CLAM test). The proportion of OTUs specifically detected in only maize and soybean was 9.6% and 10.8%, respectively. Additionally, the cover cropping noticeably altered the AMF community structure in the maize and soybean roots. However, the differentiation of AMF communities between maize and soybean was not significantly different.DiscussionOur results suggest cover cropping prior to planting maize and soybean may be a strong factor for shaping AMF community structure in subsequent maize and soybean roots rather than two host crop identities. Additionally, we could not determine the suitable rotational combination for cover crops and subsequent maize and soybean crops to improve the diversity of the AMF communities in their roots. However, our findings may have implications for understanding suitable rotational combinations between cover crops and subsequent cash crops and further research should investigate in-depth the benefit of AMF on cash crop performances in cover crop rotational systems.

BackgroundUnderstanding diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is important for optimizing their role for phosphorus (P) nutrition of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in P-limited soils. However, it is not clear how soybean growth and P nutrition is related to AMF colonization and diversity of AMF communities in a continuous P-unfertilized cover cropping system. Thus, we investigated the impact of P-application and cover cropping on the interaction among AMF colonization, AMF diversity in soybean roots, soybean growth and P nutrition under a five-year P-unfertilized crop rotation.MethodsIn this study, we established three cover crop systems (wheat, red clover and oilseed rape) or bare fallow in rotation with soybean. The P-application rates before the seeding of soybeans were 52.5 and 157.5 kg ha−1 in 2014 and 2015, respectively. We measured AMF colonization in soybean roots, soybean growth parameters such as aboveground plant biomass, P uptake at the flowering stage and grain yields at the maturity stage in both years. AMF community structure in soybean roots was characterized by specific amplification of small subunit rDNA.ResultsThe increase in the root colonization at the flowering stage was small as a result of P-application. Cover cropping did not affect the aboveground biomass and P uptake of soybean in both years, but the P-application had positive effects on the soybean performance such as plant P uptake, biomass and grain yield in 2015. AMF communities colonizing soybean roots were also significantly influenced by P-application throughout the two years. Moreover, the diversity of AMF communities in roots was significantly influenced by P-application and cover cropping in both years, and was positively correlated with the soybean biomass, P uptake and grain yield throughout the two years.DiscussionOur results indicated that P-application rather than cover cropping may be a key factor for improving soybean growth performance with respect to AMF diversity in P-limited cover cropping systems. Additionally, AMF diversity in roots can potentially contribute to soybean P nutrition even in the P-fertilized cover crop rotational system. Therefore, further investigation into the interaction of AMF diversity, P-application and cover cropping is required for the development of more effective P management practices on soybean growth performance.

Understanding the impact of phosphorus (P) addition on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is crucial to understanding tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) P nutrition. However, it remains unknown how P fertilization is associated with the structure of AMF communities on tomato plants. Thus, we investigated whether levels of P fertilizer interacted with the colonization and structure of AMF in tomato roots in a field trial. In this study, we established three different amounts of P fertilizer treatments (0 kg ha −1 , 50 kg ha −1 , and 100 kg ha −1 ). We investigated AMF root colonization and community structure, as well as plant growth in tomatoes at seven weeks following transplantation. The structure of the AMF communities in the roots of tomato were determined by MiSeq amplicon sequencing. As expected, P fertilizer input enhanced the P uptake and plant biomass. In contrast, the P fertilizer level did not affect the AMF root colonization and diversity or the structure of the AMF communities in the tomato. However, we found a negative correlation between AMF colonization and richness in the roots of the tomato plants. Therefore, we need to investigate whether and how AMF communities and P fertilization develop more effective P management for tomato plants.

Our understanding regarding the influence of intensive agricultural practices, including cover cropping and tillage, on communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is lacking. This would prove to be an obstacle in the improvement of current maize (Zea mays L.) production. therefore, using amplicon sequencing, we aimed to clarify how AMF communities and their diversity in maize roots vary under different cover cropping systems and two types of tillage (rotary and no tillage). Two kinds of cover crops (hairy vetch and brown mustard) and fallow treatments were established with rotary or no tillage in rotation with maize crops. Tillage and no tillage yielded a set of relatively common AMF operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the maize crops, representing 78.3% of the total OTUs. The percentage of maize crop OTUs that were specific to only tillage and no tillage were 9.6% and 12.0%, respectively. We found that tillage system significantly altered the AMF communities in maize roots. However, the AMF communities of maize crops among cover cropping treatments did not vary considerably. Our findings indicate that compared with cover cropping, tillage may shape AMF communities in maize more strongly. Growing cover crops and practicing conservation tillage are agricultural practices worldwide that have been recommended to promote soil fertility. In particular, Williams et al. 1 reported that conservation tillage, including reduced or no tillage, modifies water-holding capacity and structure of soil in conservative agricultural systems. In general, conservation tillage can improve soil aggregation, increase the amount of soil organic carbon in the surface layer, and reduce erosion 2,3. Moreover, conservation tillage enhances soil microbial diversity and the abundance of beneficial functional soil microorganisms 3,4. The soil microbial communities stimulated by conservation tillage can play important roles in soil aggregation, soil carbon sequestration, and soil nutrition; improve water use efficiencies; and influence crop yields 5,6. The practice of cover cropping potentially reduces soil and wind erosion 7 , enhances soil organic matter 8 , inhibits weed establishment 9 , and increases the abundance and activity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) 10. Indeed, crops with AMF have a greater capacity to take up phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), and water 10 than crops without AMF. This greater capacity generally results in robust crop growth under conditions of limited nutrient availability or drought. AMF also contribute to increasing plant resistance against pathogens and help make crops generally healthier 11-13. AMF also contribute to crop health indirectly because of their effects on soil processes in agricultural settings 14,15. In particular, they can contribute to soil health, soil aggregate formation, and soil stability by increasing the soil's nutrient cycling and organic matter content 16,17. However, certain agricultural practices have negative influences on AMF abundance and functions 18,19. For example, convent...

A simulation model of maize growth and development. Texas A&M Univ. Press, College Station.

This study investigated the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the growth, phosphorus (P) uptake, and yield of maize in the presence or absence of tillage. The two-year field experiment was conducted in Kanagawa, Japan. Firstly, we investigated whether the presence of indigenous AMF communities in the roots, as determined by amplicon sequencing analysis, contributed to maize growth in Experiment 1, a 2-year field-based study. The findings revealed that the maize (Zea mays L.) in rotary tillage had higher P uptake, growth at the six-leaves collar stage, and yield, compared to no tillage. The AMF communities colonizing maize roots were altered by the presence or absence of tillage; specifically, tillage increased the dominance of the Gigasporaceae, whereas no tillage increased the dominance of the Acaulosporaceae. Based on these findings, we confirmed whether the inoculation of similar AMF strains, as analyzed in the field study of tillage practices on maize roots, produces growth-promoting effects for maize growth in a controlled pot experiment consistent with the results of the field experiment. For experiment 2, Dentiscutata cerradensis TK-1, Cetraspora pellucida SZ-3 (Gigasporaceae), Acaulospora morrowiae AP-5, and A. longula F-1 (Acaulosporaceae) were inoculated as AMF inocula for a pot experiment. The results showed that aboveground biomass did not change with any inoculum compared to the control. The P concentration in maize was higher for D. cerradensis TK-1 and C. pellucida SZ-3 inoculation than for the control. However, inoculation with A. morrowiae AP-5 and A. longula F-1 did not change P concentrations from the control. This indicates that D. cerradensis TK-1 and C. pellucida SZ-3 are more effective in promoting P uptake in maize than in A morrowiae AP-5 and A. longula F-1. Based on field and pot experiments, our findings suggest that tillage practices lead to alterations in the AMF communities that colonize the roots, and this shift may also contribute to changes in P uptake and crop growth.