Data on risk factors for non-adherence to doctors' and pharmacists' instructions to discontinue medications prior to surgery are lacking. This study aimed to identify characteristics and risk factors for such non-adherent patients. Patients and Methods: Data (including patient age, sex, prescription medications, comorbidities, presence of roommate at home, and number of days between receiving instruction and surgery) of 887 patients who used medications affecting surgery at a university hospital from April 2017 to March 2020 were retrospectively evaluated. The primary endpoint was to investigate the rate of non-adherence and to explore independent risk factors for non-adherence (with age categorized as ≥65 [versus <65] years). Secondary endpoints included analysis of limited number of departments subgroup and a sensitivity analysis (with age categorized as ≥75 [versus <75] years) to confirm the robustness of the primary endpoint results. Independent risk factors for non-adherence were identified using logistic regression analysis. Results:The non-adherence rate was 11.4% (n=101/887), median age (interquartile range) at admission was 73 (70-79) years, and proportion of male patients was 81.2% (n=82). The main analysis adjusted for age ≥65 (versus <65) years showed age as a risk factor for increased nonadherence (adjusted odds ratio: 2.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.09-4.05; p=0.027). However, analyses adjusted for departments (other than urology, gynecology, and breast surgery, with a large sex bias in hospitalized patients) and for age ≥75 (versus <75) years showed no such risk. Conclusion: Age ≥65 years was associated with a higher risk of non-adherence to medications that should be discontinued before surgery. It is important for doctors and pharmacists to ensure that patients at high risk for non-adherence are aware of the importance of adherence. Our findings may help identify patients at high risk for non-adherence to such medications.

Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) is a traditional incense, and its essential oil is used in fragrances. The hexane extract from Indian sandalwood chips had a sandalwood odour similar to sandalwood chips, but it clearly differed from that of commercial essential oil. By fractional distillation of the extract under reduced pressure, a fraction was obtained that had a sandalwood-like odour and contained several unknown formyl compounds as the main constituents. Santalyl formates were isolated as new components from this fraction by chromatography and characterized by 1 H-and 13 C-NMR spectroscopy. These constituents were less abundant in the commercial essential oil than in the hexane extract. Santalyl formates were synthesized from the corresponding alcohols.

We fabricated picene thin-film field-effect transistors (FETs) with an ionic liquid gel and ionic liquid sheet as the gate electrolyte, and then used electron spin resonance (ESR) to investigate the carrier injection process in the organic electric double layer (EDL) FET. The ESR spectra strongly depended on the morphology of gate electrolytes. Three types of carrier injection processes in the EDL-FET were observed by examining the applied-bias time, organic-layer thickness, and gate-voltage dependencies of the electric-field-induced ESR spectrum: (1) interface injection due to electrostatic EDL formation, (2) bulk injection due to penetration of ions (electrochemical bulk doping), and (3) electrochemical reaction. These findings are significant for designing novel materials using the EDL-FET technique because three different carrier injection processes may lead to different physical properties, even in the same organic material.

The physicochemical properties of fullerene‐based materials typically vary depending on the type and mode of addition of functional groups; therefore, developing fullerene derivatives with novel structures is imperative for further progress in materials science. In this study, we develop an efficient one‐step strategy for synthesizing cyclobutene‐annulated fullerene derivatives (cyclobutenofullerenes) and characterize their electronic properties. Despite the steric strain, cyclobutenofullerenes can be easily prepared via a one‐step reaction of C60 with a secondary propargylic phosphate. Structural analysis of the reaction intermediates suggests that the cascade reaction proceeds through a formal [2 + 2] cycloaddition of C60 with an allene, caused by the 1,3‐migration of the propargylic phosphate, followed by an additional 1,3‐migration and the subsequent 1,2‐elimination of the phosphodiester moiety.