Since masking of quantum information was introduced by Modi et al. in Modi K. et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 120 (2018) 230501, many discussions on this topic have been published. In this paper, we explore the relationship between quantum multipartite maskers (QMMs) and quantum error-correcting codes (QECCs). We say that a subset Q of pure states of a system can be masked by an operator S into a multipartite system if all of the image states of states in Q have the same marginal states on each subsystem. We call such an S a QMM of Q. By establishing a necessary and sufficient condition for a set Q to be masked by an operator, we prove that a linear operator is a QMM of all pure states of a system if and only if its range is a QECC of any one-erasure channel. As an application, we prove that there is no universal maskers from into and then the states of cannot be masked into . This gives a consummation to a main result and leads to a negative answer to an open question in Li M.‐S. and Wang Y.‐L., Phys. Rev. A, 98 (2018) 062306. Another application is that arbitrary quantum states of can be completely hidden in correlations between any two subsystems of the tripartite system , while arbitrary quantum states cannot be completely hidden in the correlations between subsystems of a bipartite system (Braunstein S. L. and Pati A. K., Phys. Rev. Lett., 98 (2007) 080502).
ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between the level of serum cystatin C (s-CC) and reverse-dipper blood pressure (BP) pattern.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingSingle centre.ParticipantsA total of 718 hypertensive patients were eventually recruited from cardiac clinics between 2012 and 2014 in the Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University. They were diagnosed as essential hypertension according to their casual office records of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Patients were excluded if they were <18 or >90 years old, under antihypertensive treatment, night workers, suffering from acute stroke or myocardial infarction within the past 6 months, diagnosed as secondary hypertension, sleep apnoea or other sleep disorders, renal failure, cardiac failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, women during pregnancy or intolerant to the ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM).MeasurementThe selected patients were evaluated with 24 hours ABPM. Peripheral venous blood samples were collected to evaluate the s-CC levels by ELISA.MethodsThe distribution of hypertensive patients with different levels of s-CC among each circadian BP pattern group was analysed using analysis of variance. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was applied to explore the relationship between the relevant variables and ABPM results.ResultsS-CC level in reverse-dipper group (1.19±0.53 mg/L) was increased significantly when compared with dipper group (1.06±0.36 mg/L) (p=0.021). In addition, after multinomial logistic regression analysis, s-CC (OR 1.717; 95% CI 1.033 to 2.854; p=0.037) and diabetes (OR 2.313; 95% CI 1.401 to 3.821; p=0.01) were significantly different between the reverse-dipper group and dipper group. On the other hand, the decline rate of nocturnal SBP (r=−0.117; p=0.002) and DBP (r=−0.089; p=0.018) was negatively correlated with the s-CC level.ConclusionsThe s-CC level was significantly higher in the reverse-dipper group than the dipper group and that s-CC was associated with the reverse-dipper pattern of BP examined with 24 hour ABPM.
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