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Stressful social experiences early in life, such as maternal separation and social isolation, have enduring effects on the development of the brain and behavior. In the present study in socially monogamous male prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster), we found that following six weeks of social isolation after weaning males spent more time in the closed arms and less time in the open arms during an elevated plus maze (EPM) test, moved more frequently from central to peripheral squares in an open field test, and diminished their preferences for the empty chamber during a two-chamber affiliation test, compared to control males that were housed with siblings. This increased behavioral anxiety in socially isolated males was also associated with enhanced mRNA expression for vasopressin (AVP), oxytocin (OT), corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). Together, these data illustrate the importance of the post-weaning social environment on anxiety-related behavior and suggest a potential role of neurochemical systems in the PVN in the regulation of this behavior.

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