Two new sesquiterpenoid aromatic esters, armillarin and armillaridin, have been isolated from the artificially cultured mycelium of Armillaria mellea (Vahi. ex Fr.) Quel. (Tricholometaceae). On the basis of spectral (UV, IR, 'H-NMR, '3C-NMR and MS) analysis and chemical degradation as well as X-ray crystallography, their structures were identified as (1) and (2), respectively.

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Hydrophobins are abundant amphipathic proteins produced by fungi. They have been interacting with oils in natural environments for millions of years; therefore, it is sensible to consider them as surfactants and dispersants for cleaning oil spills. To better understand the properties of these amphipathic proteins in seawater, a particular hydrophobin known as cerato-ulmin (CU; mass 7627 g/mol) was studied. CU is adept at forming strong membranes, as indicated by the capacity to stabilize gas-filled bubbles and oil-filled droplets with cylindrical and other nonspherical shapes. The limits of this unusual ability were tested using a wide variety of solvent conditions, including various salt solutions, alcohols, simple hydrocarbons (i.e., cyclohexane, dodecane), acids, and bases. CU concentrations ranged from 20 to 200 μg/mL. The bubbles and other structures made by CU in the presence of various gases span an enormous range of size, from nanometers to millimeters. After larger objects float to the surface, smaller structures remain, and these were found by light scattering to have a hydrodynamic diameter of ∼200 nm.

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