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A review of displacement and stress based refined theories for isotropic and anisotropic laminated plates is presented. Various equivalent single layer and layerwise theories for laminated plates are discussed together with their merits and demerits. Exact elasticity solutions for the plate problems are cited, wherever available. Various critical issues related to plate theories are presented, based on the literature reviewed.

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Geopolymer concrete/mortar is the new development in the field of building constructions in which cement is totally replaced by pozzolanic material like fly ash and activated by alkaline solution. This paper presented the effect of concentration of sodium hydroxide, temperature, and duration of oven heating on compressive strength of fly ash-based geopolymer mortar. Sodium silicate solution containing Na 2 O of 16.45%, SiO 2 of 34.35%, and H 2 O of 49.20% and sodium hydroxide solution of 2. 91, 5.60, 8.10, 11.01, 13.11, and 15.08. Moles concentrations were used as alkaline activators. Geopolymer mortar mixes were prepared by considering solution-to-fly ash ratio of 0.35, 0.40, and 0.45. The temperature of oven curing was maintained at 40, 60, 90, and 120 ∘ C each for a heating period of 24 hours and tested for compressive strength at the age of 3 days as test period after specified degree of heating. Test results show that the workability and compressive strength both increase with increase in concentration of sodium hydroxide solution for all solution-to-fly ash ratios. Degree of heating also plays vital role in accelerating the strength; however there is no large change in compressive strength beyond test period of three days after specified period of oven heating.

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