Green electricity and green transportation are the primary requirements for smart cities. Maximizing the EV utilization is the key requirement in the development of green transportation. However, the EV technology faces challenges due to the long battery recharging time and heavy batteries to achieve extended driving ranges. Different approaches are investigated to charge the EV by battery swapping, plugin or wireless. Recently the wireless charging approach is gaining popularity because of safety, extended driving range, dynamic charging and human intervention free recharging. However, multiple factors need to considered in the design of WPT system and requires expertise in different domains. This paper discusses a systematic approach on the various parameters involved in a dynamic wireless charging system design. The major functional units in WPT such as charging couplers, compensation network, and power inverters topologies are addressed. Additionally, this paper discusses the issues involved in grid-tied and renewable integrated dynamic charging systems. Moreover, the step by step procesdure is described to understand the process involved in the dynamic charging system design. Finally, various case studies at different power levels are presented to get more insights into practical design.
Road transport is becoming increasingly electric as it becomes more environmentally friendly. A green transportation system includes solar arrays along the roadside, encouraging the eco-friendly EV charging system. This paper proposes a road-side photovoltaic system to charge the batteries of slow-moving electric vehicles using a five-leg inverter. The five-legged inverter, which utilizes a stand-alone PV system to drive the charging pads, enhances the probability of achieving the sustainability goal. The limitations of the conventional H-bridge inverter, such as its more prominent design and higher number of switches or straightforward design and restricted power level, are addressed by this converter. The proposed 3.3 kW, 85 kHz inverter energizes the four transmitter pads while a receiver pad moves over the transmitter pads and inductively extracts the power. The d.c.-d.c. converter is used to feed the power to the proposed inverter. The P and O-based MPPT algorithm with a tuned PI controller is used to generate the driving pulses of the d.c.-d.c. converter. The signals are generated based on the voltage and current output of the solar panel output. This control algorithm ensures the stability of the system output response. Additionally, the tuned d.c.-d.c. converter achieves maximum efficiency independent of the load resistance. The system maintains constant power transfer profile concerning load resistance variations. The 520*520 mm Double D-pad transmits the power, while the series-series compensation network assists the charging pads in achieving resonance. The developed systems’ nominal charging voltage and current are 144 V, 20 A, with an equivalent battery resistance of 7.2 Ω.
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