Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is a useful technique for the analysis of complex organic matter. However, pyrolysis temperatures must be carefully chosen in order to maximize the information obtained and, in parallel, minimize byproducts. One solution to accomplish this is the stepwise pyrolysis method, which has been employed to analyze complex mixtures of natural samples. Here we compared the stepwise pyrolysis method to a suite of single-step pyrolysis runs using the same temperatures using a humic acid standard sample, in order to evaluate the advantage of the stepwise pyrolysis method. In addition, we conducted in-situ heating experiments of the humic acid under infrared microspectroscopy to observe changes in the functional groups during the stepwise pyrolysis process. Results showed that O-bearing components were released at relatively low temperatures whereas aromatic components were released at higher temperatures, indicating that the stepwise method effectively separates labile and refractory fractions. As such, the stepwise method would be useful for analyzing limited amounts of samples such as for extraterrestrial materials as well as for payload instruments onboard space missions.
When disasters such as earthquakes occur, telephone traffic to the disaster area increases rapidly, to confirm the safety of residents, leading to telephone network congestion. The existing congestion control for telephone networks consists of call regulation control, through which call demands at the subscriber network switches or cellular phones are suppressed. This results in a drastic decrease in the call completion rate. Disaster emergency message dial services do not meet users' needs either to confirm the safety of people at the disaster area or to speak with them directly. In this paper, we propose a priority control scheme based on call reservations and evaluate its transient characteristics. We also propose an improved scheme to shorten the desired holding time by a fixed rate, when the number of waiting reservation calls exceeds a threshold, which can suppress the divergence of the number of reservations. We evaluated the average waiting time and threshold excess rate characteristics, and confirmed that the proposed scheme can provide stabilization.
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