Clinically, the stable sole‐ground contact in the diet is considered as important for achieving safe swallows in the dysphagic patients. However, the effects of varied sole‐ground contacts on swallow‐related muscles activities remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sole‐ground contacts on the muscle activities during swallow for various materials; 26 healthy adult subjects participated in this study. Three different sole‐ground contact conditions were investigated; sole‐ground contact with knees bent to 90° (KB 90°), sole‐ground contact with knees bent to 135° (KB 135°), and sole‐ground off the floor (Off). Participants swallowed four bolus materials (saliva, 5‐ml water, 10‐ml water, and 5‐ml yogurt) in each sole‐ground contact condition. The muscular activities of the suprahyoid (SH) muscle and the sternocleidomastoid muscle during swallowing were detected and recorded using surface electromyography. The sole‐ground contact pressure was evaluated using the data acquisition system. Duration of SH during 10‐ml water swallow for Off was significantly longer than that for KB 90°. Duration of SH during 5‐ml yogurt swallow for Off was significantly longer than that for KB 90°. Integration of SH during 10‐ml water swallow for Off was significantly greater than that for KB 135°. Integration of SH during 5‐ml yogurt swallow for Off was significantly greater than that for KB 90°. No significant differences were found in peak of SH. Sole‐ground contact conditions had significant effect on swallow‐related muscles activities. The stable sitting positions might be more advantageous for performing effective swallows compared with less stable sitting positions.
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This paper proposes a new model for designing the User Interface of an Audio-Visual remote controller based on an Analytic Hierarchy Process. This model has the goal of switching the Ut of the controller to one optimized for each user. The following four criteria were defined; Demographic, Geographic, Psychographic and Activity. Sensor and I/O, Visual, Functional and Interaction interfaces were selected as the alternatives. Next, the method of selecting the most suitable Ut for each user by using the proposed model based on AHP is described and shown by an example. Finally, the implementation of the proposal into a verification system for an AV remote controller using an embedded microprocessor for consumer use is described. I. INTRODUCTIONA traditional audio visual (AV) remote controller and its user interface (UI) have the following problems. For example, remote controllers have irregular UI designs because each manufacturing corporation develops them in their own style and the necessary functions depend on the AV equipment. Most controller input interfaces are buttons and the number of buttons is nearly equal to the number of functions of the equipment. Additionally, the operation of an AV system requires the same number of remote controllers as the equipment in the system. Therefore, it is difficult to combine more than two devices and operate them at the same time by using only one controller in operations such as dubbing. The user should consider the input procedures and operate the necessary equipment with the same number of remote controllers.The authors have previously proposed various methods of solving these problems [1][2][3]. However, these methods are based on conventional design concepts and do not consider the user's operation ability and the system configuration.Therefore, this paper proposes a new method of designing the UI for an AV remote controller based on an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) [4]. Next, an evaluation method of each user's UI evaluation method is shown. Finally, the method is implemented into an AV remote controller prototype and is verified.
This paper proposes a method of selecting design strategies for user interfaces for audio-visual (AV) remote controllers based on the analytic hierarchy process. In this method, the design policy for the optimum user interface (UI) is selected on the basis of the function and scale of the AV system and the user's knowledge. This paper proposes a new model with six evaluation criteria-functional choice, operating procedure, knowledge of the AV equipment, system structure, user behavior and psychology. As a final option, we have decided our design strategy for the user interface-visual, functional, sensor and input and output, and interactive oriented. In order to verify the proposed model, a prototype of the AV remote controller operated by a 32-bit RISC microcomputer was built. Then the experiment was carried out using two cases: one where a beginner operates a small-scale system and the other where an experienced AV user operates a large-scale system. The result showed that the optimum UI design strategy was the UI with importance given to interactive and visual aspects in the case of the beginner with the UI emphasizing the functional aspect in the case of the professional. This indicates that, like the results obtained from the previously proposed model, the newly proposed model is expected to enable UI design befitting more directly the actual situation of AV systems that tend to become larger in scale and multifunctional.
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