The standard technique to separately and simultaneously determine the carrier concentration per unit volume (N, cm ) and the mobility (μ) of doped inorganic single crystals is to measure the Hall effect. However, this technique has not been reported for bulk-doped organic single crystals. Here, the Hall effect in bulk-doped single-crystal organic semiconductors is measured. A key feature of this work is the ultraslow co-deposition technique, which reaches as low as 10 nm s and enables us to dope homoepitaxial organic single crystals with acceptors at extremely low concentrations of 1 ppm. Both the hole concentration per unit volume (N, cm ) and the Hall mobility (μ ) of bulk-doped rubrene single crystals, which have a band-like nature, are systematically observed. It is found that these rubrene single crystals have (i) a high ionization rate and (ii) scattering effects because of lattice disturbances, which are peculiar to this organic single crystal.

Bovine lactoferrin was separated into lactoferrin-a and lactoferrin-b from bovine colostrum. Lactoferrin-a was eluted at 0.38 M NaCl and lactoferrin-b was eluted at 0.43 M NaCl by carboxymethyl cation-exchange chromatography at pH 7.7, 0.05 M phosphate buffer. The molecular weights were estimated at 84,000 for lactoferrin-a and 80,000 for lactoferrin-b. Lactoferrin-a contents were 258.0 mg/L and lactoferrin-b contents were 524.3 mg/L of colostrum for cow 19. From colostrum to normal milk, total lactoferrin was from 17.1 to 129.4 mg/L during the normal lactational period; however, lactoferrin did not separate clearly into lactoferrin-a and lactoferrin-b. The lactoferrin-a measured from six cows was 258.0, 114.0, 112.8, 64.0, 59.7, and 22.4 mg/ L and the lactoferrin-b 524.3, 331.8, 184.7, 170.7, 129.3, and 44.0 mg/L, respectively. The average was 105.2 mg (31.3%) for lactoferrin-a and 230.8 mg (68.7%) for lactoferrin-b.

Abstract:The concept of bandgap science of organic semiconductor films for use in photovoltaic cells, namely, high-purification, pn-control by doping, and design of the built-in potential based on precisely-evaluated doping parameters, is summarized. The principle characteristics of organic solar cells, namely, the exciton, donor (D)/acceptor (A) sensitization, and p-i-n cells containing co-deposited and D/A molecular blended i-interlayers, are explained. 'Seven-nines' (7N) purification, together with phase-separation/cystallization induced by co-evaporant 3 rd molecules allowed us to fabricate 5.3% efficient cells based on 1 µm-thick fullerene:phthalocyanine (C 60 :H 2 Pc) co-deposited films.

Blended junctions are indispensable for organic solar cells; however, the fabrication of electron and hole transport routes in blended cells remains quite challenging. Herein, a lateral alternating multilayered junction using a high-mobility organic semiconductor is proposed and demonstrated. A total of 93% of the photogenerated electrons and holes are laterally collected over a long distance (0.14 mm). The exciton-collection efficiency reaches 75% in a lateral alternating multilayered junction with a layer thickness of 10 nm. A lateral organic alternating multilayered junction that completely collects both excitons and carriers can be an alternative blended junction for organic solar cells.

Sensitization of the dopant ionization in co-deposited films of organic semiconductors was found. The ionization rate of cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3), which acts as a donor dopant in single films of metal-free phthalocyanine (H2Pc) and fullerene (C60), was increased from 10% to 97% in a H2Pc:C60 co-deposited film. A charge separation superlattice model that includes electron transfer from the conduction band of H2Pc to that of C60, which increases the rate of dopant ionization, is proposed.

The Fermi level (EF) of metal-free phthalocyanine (H2Pc), located at the center of the bandgap (4.4 eV), is shifted to 3.8 eV, close to the conduction band (3.5 eV), by cesium carbonate doping and shifted to 4.9 eV, close to the valence band (5.1 eV), by molybdenum oxide doping under oxygen free conditions. Formation of n- and p-type Schottky junctions and pn-homojunctions in single H2Pc films, confirmed by their photovoltaic properties, clearly demonstrates the formation of n- and p-type H2Pc

Heavily doped 10-nm-thick p+- and n+-type regions of metal-free phthalocyanine and fullerene were formed to facilitate the formation of ohmic contacts at the organic/metal interfaces of two-layered organic photovoltaic cells. Formation of the ohmic contacts allowed the cells to be invertible and independent of the type of electrode material used.

a b s t r a c tThe effects of doping at concentrations at the ppm level in organic photovoltaic cells were clarified using simple n þ p-homojunctions. With doping from 0 to 10 ppm, the fill factor increased due to the appearance of majority carriers. From 10 to 100 ppm, the photocurrent density increased due to an increase in the built-in potential, i.e., the formation of an n þ p-homojunction. The photocurrent was increased by a factor of 1.3 by directly doping the photoactive co-deposited layer with acceptor molecules at a concentration of 100 ppm.