Transport modal choice is considered to be influenced by natural environmental change and transport network improvement. This paper reveals how these impacts affect individuals' decisions on selecting transport mode under an extension plan of Osaka Monorail Loop-line. To estimate these impacts, a Stated Choice (SC) experiment is carried out for collecting the neighborhood data around the monorail's extended area. Our model is estimated by the Heteroscedastic Extreme Value (HEV) specification in order to avoid Independence from Irrelevant Alternatives (IIA) assumption in the Multinomial Logit (MNL) model. Both the results of full-sample and sub-sample data imply that residents prefer public transport modes (monorail or bus) to private car when either natural environment becomes worse or transport network is improved.
SPAD cameras offer single photon detection sensitivity, high frame rates and zero readout noise. They are a core technology for widefield FLIM, but have further potential in ultra-fast imaging applications. However, in practice sensitivity falls behind that of EMCCD and sCMOS devices due to the lower photon detection efficiency of SPAD arrays. This paper considers the application of a binary SPAD camera to the capture of blinking molecules as part of a superresolution (dSTORM/PALM) experiment. Simulation and experimental studies demonstrate that the effective sensitivity of the camera can be improved significantly by aggregation of signal only binary frames. The simulations also indicate that with future advances in SPAD camera technology, SPAD devices could in time outperform existing scientific cameras when capturing fast temporal dynamics.
This article models negative impact on the environment as one of the attributes of transport mode. By this modelling, we are able to examine whether individual environmental consciousness of this impact plays a significant role in his/her choice of transport mode. A survey data from Saito and Onohara Area in Northern Osaka of Japan is used to estimate the model with the Heteroscedastic Extreme Value specification. Both of the estimated and simulated results imply that individual environmental consciousness does influence his/her decision on transport mode choice in the sample. Furthermore, the likelihood ratio tests indicate that both the utility and scale parameters are not equivalent across sub-samples of university commuters, research-facility commuters and residents. The results of the comparison across sub-samples suggest that sometimes we may learn more from sub-dividing a whole sample into several sub-samples if we could distinguish them by their characteristics.
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