Bio-adaptable 2-layer polyurethane/polytetrafluoroethylene (PU/PTFE) laminated sheets were prepared by a new adhesion method, a double-step treatment consisting of: (1) applying low dose <0.65 MGy homogeneous low energy electron beam irradiation (HLEBI) to the 2-layer assembly where the HLEBI penetrates through the PU and PTFE layers, respectively, prior to: (2) hot-press under 5 MPa and 403 K. Although the adhesion of the PU/PTFE sheets cannot be observed without the new double-step treatment, bonding forces were created as evidenced by the mean adhesive forces of peeling resistance ( o F p ). Based on the 3-parameter Weibull equation, the lowest o F p value at P p of zero (F s ) could be estimated. An increasing trend in F s occurs by the double-step treatment applying HLEBI up to 0.43 MGy reaching a maximum at 0.38 Nm ¹1 , improving the safety level without radiation damage. When HLEBI cuts the chemical bonds and generates dangling bonds with nonbonding electrons in PU and PTFE, the created adhesion between the laminated sheets can be explained. Based on X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) surface analysis of the PU/PTFE laminated sheets after the peeling tests, fluorine (F) was detected on the PU peeled surface, indicating the strong chemical bonding generated by the double-step treatment. For these reasons, double-step treatment is a useful method for quick lamination of PU and PTFE with sterilization without the use of glue.
A clear understanding of how crop root proliferation affects the distribution of the spore abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and the composition of AMF communities in agricultural fields is imperative to identify the potential roles of AMF in winter cover crop rotational systems. Toward this goal, we conducted a field trial using wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) grown during the winter season. We conducted a molecular analysis to compare the diversity and distribution of AMF communities in roots and spore abundance in soil cropped with wheat and red clover. The AMF spore abundance, AMF root colonization, and abundance of root length were investigated at three different distances from winter crops (0 cm, 7.5 cm, and 15 cm), and differences in these variables were found between the two crops. The distribution of specific AMF communities and variables responded to the two winter cover crops. The majority of Glomerales phylotypes were common to the roots of both winter cover crops, but Gigaspora phylotypes in Gigasporales were found only in red clover roots. These results also demonstrated that the diversity of the AMF colonizing the roots did not significantly change with the three distances from the crop within each rotation but was strongly influenced by the host crop identity. The distribution of specific AMF phylotypes responded to the presence of wheat and red clover roots, indicating that the host crop identity was much more important than the proliferation of crop roots in determining the diversity of the AMF communities.
Expansion of use of mixed cement is effective as a measure to reduce CO2 emissions in the cement industry. Since ground granulated blast furnace slag can feely set the substitution rate according to the use and conditions of concrete, it can be used wider than ground granulated blast furnace slag cement and is expected. Since the initial strength development of concrete using blast furnace slag is slow, it is effective to utilize ground granulated blast furnace slag with a large specific surface area as an improvement method. In this study, we investigated the long term strength of concrete by changing the combination of the specific surface area and the substitution rate, for a wide range of ground granulated blast furnace slag with a specific surface area of 4000 to 30000 (cm 2 /g). As a result, from the conditions such as the specific surface area and the substitution rate of the ground granulated blast furnace slag, the effect of strength development of concrete using ground granulated blast furnace slag was quantitatively clarified.
In this study, long-term strength characteristics and durability of high-strength concrete using ground granulated blast furnace slag fine powder with specific surface area of 12000 and 16000 cm 2 /g were researched. As a result, the concrete using finely ground granulated blast furnace slag has the same strength properties and carbonation depth at 20 years, as concrete using silica fume. From the experimental results, it is revealed that finely ground granulated blast furnace slag can be used as an alternative material for silica fume to product high-strength concrete.
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