Highlights:
This article reports the use of the Y-maze as a simple yet effective method to measure spatial working memory in mice.
The Y-maze method can be used safely without exposing the animals to additional stressors, as evidenced by the absence of mortality following the test.
Abstract:
Spatial working memory (SWM) in humans and animal models with impaired cognitive functions has been analyzed through a number of methods. However, this is still understudied in animal models treated with a high-calorie diet (HCD) and moderate-intensity exercise (MIE). The Y-maze was utilized as the assessment method in this study. A 40 x 9 x 9 cm3 Y-maze was employed to observe the animal models’ spontaneous alternation (SA) as the representation of their SWM. This was done by calculating the total alternation percentage divided by total entry minus two. A total of 17 female Mus musculus mice aged 8 weeks were tested in the Y-maze to investigate their SWM using SA calculations. Each mouse was analyzed for eight minutes and recorded in a dark and quiet room to minimize bias due to environmental noise and lighting. Comparing the treatment group’s (HCD+MIE) SA to the control group’s SA revealed no statistically significant difference (p=0.451). Seven mice in the treatment group performed similarly to the mice in the control group in the Y-maze test, with no significant difference in their ability to complete the task. The mice in the treatment group exhibited no motor impairment, as indicated by complete movements of all their extremities while exploring the Y-maze within the allotted time. In conclusion, the Y-maze can be used as a reliable method to analyze SWM in overweight/obese Mus musculus animal models treated with moderate-intensity physical exercise.
Highlight:Moderate negative significant correlation between HbA1c and MCV levels in T2DM was yet reported widely.MCV levels could mirror health indicator in adult T2DM patients.Abstract:HbA1c showed the average level of blood sugar in the recent 2-3 months. This parameter can be used to help physicians to diagnose T2DM and to plan appropriate treatment. Meanwhile, the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is established from the erythrocytes levels as one of the blood corpuscles, in which hemoglobin is bound to. We hypothesize that MCV is correlated to the HbA1c levels and could be an indicator of blood sugar levels in adult T2DM patients. A retrospective cross-sectional study based on the medical record of patients admitted to the Outpatient Section of Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Indonesia from January to December 2019 was done. Patients under 18-years old, and incomplete medical record data were excluded. Adult patients diagnosed with T2DM and have been received initial treatment in this section were included (n=1.688). Data was analyzed using correlation test in SPSS 17.0 (USA), p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. We found a significant negative correlation between HbA1c and MCV levels in these patients (r=-0.312; p<0.001). MCV levels showed a paradoxical pattern against the blood glucose levels in T2DM and could serve as the health indicator in these patients.
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