Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL), is a devastating soilborne disease in tomatoes. Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) induce strong immunity against Fusarium wilt in tomatoes. However, the mechanisms underlying this immunity remain poorly understood. Comparative transcriptome analysis and microscopy of tomato roots were performed to determine the mechanism of MgO NP-induced immunity against FOL. Eight transcriptomes were prepared from tomato roots treated under eight different conditions. Differentially expressed genes were compared among the transcriptomes. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis revealed that in tomato roots pretreated with MgO NPs, Rcr3 encoding apoplastic protease and RbohD encoding NADPH oxidase were upregulated when challenge-inoculated with FOL. The gene encoding glycine-rich protein 4 (SlGRP4) was chosen for further analysis. SlGRP4 was rapidly transcribed in roots pretreated with MgO NPs and inoculated with FOL. Immunomicroscopy analysis showed that SlGRP4 accumulated in the cell walls of epidermal and vascular vessel cells of roots pretreated with MgO NPs, but upon FOL inoculation, SlGRP4 further accumulated in the cell walls of cortical tissues within 48 h. The results provide new insights into the probable mechanisms of MgO NP-induced tomato immunity against Fusarium wilt.
We evaluated the suppressive effect of prohydrojasmon (PDJ) on Frankliniella occidentalis and tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in chrysanthemums under semi-commercial conditions. Overhead sprinkling of plants with PDJ did not suppress initial colonization by released adult thrips. However, it signi cantly reduced subsequent feeding damage on leaves and reproduction of larval offspring. Rates of 1 and 2 L/m 2 0.8 mM PDJ equally suppressed F. occidentalis and feeding damage without phytotoxic effect on chrysanthemums, although 3 L/m 2 reduced plant growth. The PDJ had a residual effect of at least 8 days. Weekly applications suppressed the occurrence of TSWV transmitted by viruliferous adults dispersed from infection-source plants to a degree consistent with that of feeding damage, so PDJ might inhibit primary infection via disruption of feeding behavior. All our ndings suggest that PDJ may offer a powerful option for the control of F. occidentalis and Orthotospovirus diseases transmitted by it in chrysanthemum greenhouses.
We evaluated the suppressive effect of prohydrojasmon (PDJ) on Frankliniella occidentalis and tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in chrysanthemums under semi-commercial conditions. Overhead sprinkling of plants with PDJ did not suppress initial colonization by released adult thrips. However, it significantly reduced subsequent feeding damage on leaves and reproduction of larval offspring. Rates of 1 and 2 L/m2 0.8 mM PDJ equally suppressed F. occidentalis and feeding damage without phytotoxic effect on chrysanthemums, although 3 L/m2 reduced plant growth. The PDJ had a residual effect of at least 8 days. Weekly applications suppressed the occurrence of TSWV transmitted by viruliferous adults dispersed from infection-source plants to a degree consistent with that of feeding damage, so PDJ might inhibit primary infection via disruption of feeding behavior. All our findings suggest that PDJ may offer a powerful option for the control of F. occidentalis and Orthotospovirus diseases transmitted by it in chrysanthemum greenhouses.
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