BackgroundEnhancing circulating adiponectin is considered as a potential approach for the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were reported to increase adiponectin by previous studies using a mixture of them. However, their individual effects on adiponectin and the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. In the present study, we observed and compared the individual effect of DHA and EPA on adiponectin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and further tested whether DHA or EPA regulated adiponectin by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and its phosphorylation at Ser273 to provide a plausible explanation for their distinct actions.MethodsFirstly, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with different doses of DHA or EPA for 24 h. Secondly, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with DHA or EPA in the presence or absence of GW9662. Thirdly, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were pretreated with DHA or EPA for 24 h, followed by being respectively co-incubated with tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) or roscovitine for another 2 h. Bovine serum albumin treatment served as the control. After treatments, cellular and secreted adiponectin, cellular PPARγ and its phosphorylation at Ser273 were determined.ResultsCompared with the control, DHA increased cellular and secreted adiponectin at 50 and 100 μmol/L, while EPA increased them at 100 and 200 μmol/L. Adiponectin expressions in DHA treated groups were significantly higher than those in EPA treated groups at 50 and 100 μmol/L. Both DHA and EPA enhanced PPARγ expression, but DHA was more effective. GW9662 blocked DHA- and EPA-induced increases in PPARγ as well as adiponectin. Remarkably, an opposite regulation of PPARγ phosphorylation was detected after fatty acids treatment: DHA inhibited it but EPA stimulated it. TNF-α blocked DHA-induced decrease in PPARγ phosphorylation, which eventually led to a decrease in adiponectin. Roscovitine blocked EPA-induced increase in PPARγ phosphorylation, but the corresponding increase in adiponectin was non-significant.ConclusionDHA compared with EPA led to a greater increase in cellular and secreted adiponectin at relative low concentrations by increasing PPARγ expression and inhibiting its phosphorylation at Ser273. DHA may be more beneficial than EPA in reducing risks of NCDs.

Most existing video denoising methods based on the PatchMatch algorithm and optical flow estimation often lead to artifacts blurring and poor denoising effect on scale-varying data. To tackle these issues, we propose a multi-scale feature fusion network based on different pyramid blocks and adaptive spatial-channel attention, which enables to effectively extract multi-scale feature information from noisy video data. Furthermore, we develop a spatial-temporal alignment module with deformable convolution to align the implicit features and reduce blurring artifacts. The results show that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art algorithms in visual and objective quality metrics on the public datasets DAVIS and Set8.

In order to make the contact pressure distribution of polishing wafer surface more uniform during chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), a kind of the bionic polishing pad with sunflower seed pattern has been designed based on phyllotaxis theory, and the contact model and boundary condition of CMP have been established. Using finite element analysis, the contact pressure distributions between the polishing pad and wafer have been obtained when polishing silicon wafer and the effects of the phyllotactic parameter of polishing pad on the contact pressure distribution are found. The results show that the uniformity of the contact pressure distribution can be improved and the singularity of the contact pressure in the boundary edge of polished wafer can be decreased when the reasonable phyllotactic parameters are selected.

No abstract

In order to make the polishing slurry distribution more uniform over the polishing region, a new kind of polishing pad, which has sunflower seed pattern, has been designed based on the phyllotaxis theory of biology, and the boundary conditions of polishing slurry flow have been established. By the help of computational fluid dynamics software (FLUENT), the flow state of the polishing slurry is simulated and the effects of the phyllotactic parameters of polishing pad on the flow field of polishing slurry are analyzed. The results show that when the polishing slurry is imported from the center of phyllotaxis polishing pad, the slurry flows along the counterclockwise and clockwise spiral grooves of phyllotatic pattern, which make fluid flow divergence around, and the flow field becomes more uniform.