Snow water equivalent (SWE) is a key parameter in the Earth's energy budget and water cycle. It has been demonstrated that SWE can be retrieved using active microwave remote sensing from space. This necessitates the development of forward models that are capable of simulating the interactions of microwaves and the snow medium. Several proposed models have described snow as a collection of sphere-or ellipsoid-shaped ice particles embedded in air, while the microstructure of snow is, in reality, more complex. Natural snow usually forms a sintered structure following mechanical and thermal metamorphism processes. In this research, the bi-continuous vector radiative transfer (bi-continuous-VRT) model, which firstly constructs snow microstructure more similar to real snow and then simulates the snow backscattering signal, is used as the forward model for SWE estimation. Based on this forward model, a parameterization scheme of snow volume backscattering is proposed. A relationship between snow optical thickness and single scattering albedo at X and Ku bands is established by analyzing the database generated from the bi-continuous-VRT model. A cost function with constraints is used to solve effective albedo and optical thickness, while the absorption part of optical thickness is obtained from these two parameters. SWE is estimated after a correction for physical temperature. The estimated SWE is correlated with the measured SWE with an acceptable accuracy. Validation against two-year measurements, using the SnowScat instrument from the Nordic Snow Radar Experiment (NoSREx), shows that the estimated SWE using the presented algorithm has a root mean square error (RMSE) of 16.59 mm for the winter of 2009

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Abstract. Monitoring near-surface soil freeze/thaw patterns is becoming essential under the context of global changes as it is more sensitive to climatic fluctuation compared with subsurface thermal characteristics and its 15 evolution could be an early warning of changes in near-surface permafrost. It requires continuous long term and stable data record for understanding hydrological, ecological and biogeochemical responses of permafrost to global climate change. AMSR2 (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2) is designed as a successor of AMSR-E (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer -Earth Observing System) to ensure continuity of such observation.In this study, a linear regression is used to inter-calibrate the AMSR-E and AMSR2 brightness temperatures. Then 20 discriminant function algorithm is adopted to produce a long term freeze/thaw data record. It is compared with in situ air temperature measurements from both the temporal and spatial aspects. The results show that the accuracy is consistent between AMSR-E and AMSR2 with a value above 85%, according to the result of spatial distribution accuracy. Analysis is conducted with this data record to explore the spatial distribution of frost days, its changing trend and the frost probability of each pixel on a specific date. The mean annual frost days of high northern latitude 25 (HNL, >45°N) zone is 214.2±69.5 days and the trend of frost days indicates that the frost period is decreasing at a rate of -0.0065 day/month in 27% of the domain which is defined by significance level of the F-test, and most of which are concentrated in the high latitude area specifically over the Northeast of Canada, Central and Eastern Russia and most part of Eastern Europe. The significant changes in frost days mostly occur in regions of discontinuous permafrost and transient permafrost. The spatial distribution of the frost days and its trend variations 30 are found to be consistent with the minimum temperature anomalies trend. It indicates that the global warming is not constant at different regions over the globe. Further analysis over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau where discontinuous permafrost, island permafrost, seasonally frozen ground exist demonstrated that the frost period is shortening slightly over the past decade, and the last frost date is advanced over more than half of the region. It is considered to be a remarkable indication for permafrost degradation in this area.

As educational equality becomes more accepted, females have gained a prominent on more societal responsibilities and get some chance to voice. However，females suffer difficulty in ensuring the same advantages as males and achieving a vital role in the courts and public administration. Particularly in some developing countries, mothers are indeed regarded to be tied to their households. The Internet has created a "speaking" culture based on this sociological trend, enabling an international feminist community and empowering feminists to become a trendy topic in today's society (Munro, 2013). [18] The wave of feminism, which engages in online and in-person engagements, has progressively grown, with the #MeToo campaign being the most prominent example. Making individuals aware of gender bias in community interaction beneath patriarchy through the spread of information has been one of the motivating causes and motives for the growth of feminism, prompting more constitutional protections activities, including fighting gender inequality, bullying on the street, and violence against women (Flores et al., 2020). [5] The emergence of social media channels has opened up more opportunities for feminism to flourish. This intuitive data transmitted, and user interactions have ensured that worldwide feminist knowledge is connected. This suggests that females have more voice and that anyone may advocate for feminism. Simultaneously, advancements in mobile device technology have made it simpler for users to explore applications on their phones; those apps readily propagate various and customized feminist ideals by linking various groups (Locke et al., 2018). [13] As two of the most well-known instances, Weibo and Tiktok have a substantial number of videos and written descriptions encouraging moderation and radical feminism. Consumers with a significant following, such

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