A broadband slow-wave structure (SWS) formed by a periodic row of rings connected by helices is considered below. The approximate analysis and measurements confirmed that the offered SWS has at least twice less "periodicity" in comparison to the helix and can operate without the backward wave oscillation at voltages exceeding 20 kV.
In agriculture and industry, it is often necessary to heat surface layers of material like soil, timber, concrete, and so on, with microwave (MW) energy. Traditional MW irradiators (antennas) cannot restrain their heating to the surface, with the energy penetrating deeply into the material. Slow-wave comb applicators can provide the required energy distribution in the surface layer. Theoretical analyses of the comb applicators used for heating were carried out and on this basis, three comb applicators were designed and made for soil treatment: two applicators Comb 1 and Comb 2 for frequency 2.45 GHz and Comb 3 for frequency 0.922 GHz. An experimental study of applicators was carried out using two MW plants: 30 kW (2.45 GHz) and 60 kW (0.922 GHz) for heating soil with moisture content in the range from 32% to 173% and density 460 to 1290 kg m−3. The study showed that comb applicators provide the following advantages: reduction in energy dissipation in material depth and release of the significant part of applied MW energy in layers close to the applicator surface. Comb applicators can provide the required soil top layer treatment (sterilization) with reasonable efficiency and can be recommended for practical use in shallow soil treatment for weed seed and pathogen control in agricultural applications. Comb applicators can also be used for effective heating and MW treatment of the surface layers of wood, concrete, bricks, plastics, and other dielectric materials.
In the USSR, the first traveling wave tube (TWT) was developed in 1946. This was followed by the invention of the first backward-wave oscillator (BWO) and other important achievements, which could characterize a strong competition existed between American and Soviet scientists and engineers. In the present paper, some of the achievements of the first soviet TWT team, headed by L. N. Loshakov, are discussed. Among those achievements are invention of the two-anode gun for a low-noise TWT, development of the first three-octave TWT, and development of the helix TWT linear theory. In this paper, also such issues as formation of the rotating electron beams, suppression of reflected waves, multi-stage TWTs, amplification without synchronizing electron and wave velocities, utilization of beryllium oxide and quartz rods in one RF set, dispersion control by application of metal support rods, and many other engineering solutions are presented.
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