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Study was conducted by investigating the genetic structure of cattle populations of Ukrainian Black-and-White and Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breeds by polymorphism of leptin gene (LEP) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene (TNF-α). The studies were carried out using the method of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction analysis for LEP and using classic PCR with subsequent SSCP analysis in case of TNF-α. According to the results of the study, it was shown that the LEP gene was polymorphic in both experimental populations by HphI-polymorphism in the third exon of the gene (A59V mutation). In the population of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy cattle breed, the frequency of allele C (HphI-) was 0.77; allele T (HphI+) – 0.23. Wright's fixation index was 0.23; which indicates a significant excess in the number of homozygous individuals. This population had a deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium state. In the population of the Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed, the frequency of allele C was 0.72; allele T – 0.28; Wright's fixation index was -0.18. According to the SSCP-polymorphism of the TNF-α gene, 6 alleles with a size of 450-1200 bp were detected (alleles A, B, and F for Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed; A, B, C, D, Е, F – for Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed). The frequency of allele A prevailed in the populations of both breeds (0.58 and 0.54, respectively). Alleles C, D, and E had a low frequency of occurrence (0.04-0.16) and they were found only in the population of Red-and-White dairy breed.

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Aim. To study the egg quality traits of Poltava Clay chicken line 14 and Rhode-Island Red chicken line 38 with different genotypes of the prolactin gene (PRL), growth hormone gene (GH), growth hormone receptor gene (GHR), insulin-like growth factor I gene (IGF-I) and Mx gene (Mx). Methods. The study was conducted using the method of polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PCR-RFLP). Results. We found signifi cant differences in line 14 for egg quality between prolactin, growth hormone, growth hormone receptor and Mx loci. Homozygous individuals CC and TT by prolactin locus prevailed over heterozygotes CT for egg weight on the 30th week of life. As for the growth hormone gene, the maximum differences for egg weight were revealed when comparing BC heterozygotes with CC homozygotes. As for the growth hormone receptor gene, signifi cant prevalence (p < 0.05) of individuals with the B0 genotype over A0 by parameters of egg yolk weight was noted at the age of 52 weeks. Signifi cant differences (p < 0.05) in eggshell thickness were determined for genotypes AG and GG by Mx gene in week 52. There were signifi cant differences (p < 0.05) in egg quality traits for prolactin and Mx gene for chickens of line 38. TT homozygotes by prolactin locus are characterized by the prevalence of values (p < 0.05) for the egg, yolk and shell weight. In case of Mx gene polymorphism, the heterozygous individuals were characterized by signifi cantly higher values (p < 0.05) of egg and albumen weight on the 30th week of life. There were no signifi cant differences in both experimental chicken lines for other egg quality traits between individuals with different genotypes. Conclusions. The data obtained are recommended for the use in breeding programs for Poltava Clay chicken line 14 and Rhode-Island Red chicken line 38 with the aim of obtaining microlines with the different genotypes for PRL, GH, GHR and Mx loci.

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In the context of solving the problem of obtaining high quality dairy products from livestock, the issue of determining the type of beta-casein (A1 and A2) in the protein fraction of milk becomes essential. Purpose – to analyse the use of ACRS-PCR methods for differentiation of A1 and A2 alleles of bovine beta-casein locus. Genotyping features were analysed using the artificially created restriction site polymerase chain reaction method utilising TaqI and DdeI restriction endonucleases. The electrophoretic distribution of DNA fragments in agarose gels of various concentrations was used to analyse restriction patterns. Based on the results of bioinformatic analysis of the nucleotide reference sequences of the experimental fragment of the beta-casein gene, it was found that the primer system for the ACRS-PCR DdeI method is characterised by higher parameters of flanking efficiency of the target DNA site compared to the ACRS-PCR TaqI system due to significantly greater effectiveness of hybridisation of oligonucleotides on the target DNA. Based on the results of laboratory tests of both methods, it is proposed to use an additional procedure for analysing the fluorescence intensity of individual elements of restriction patterns, which allows reducing the number of false genotyping that occurs in both cases (based on the results of using both methods) due to the appearance of non-specific amplification/restriction fragments within the size of target restrictions. The application of the ACRS-PCR DdeI method provides more differentiated patterns of the corresponding genotypes in agarose gel compared to the ACRS-PCR TaqI method, but leads to higher material costs for conducting research. These disadvantages of using primer systems for ACRS-PCR of the beta-casein locus determine the relevance of developing alternative methods for typing A1 and A2 alleles which include allele-specific PCR. The use of results is promising for solving the problems of genotyping cattle individuals of different breeds by A1 and A2 alleles of the beta-casein locus